agraruli saq-yda-39.indd

Transcript

agraruli
saqarTvelo
vb[tlts vbofc9
vbof lfufgeht s
lf ufufs j s
smdty8
New
ახალი
ISSN 1987-8729
სამეცნიერო-საინფორმაციო ჟურნალი
yuradReba!
bolo periodSi qarTul
bazarze SeiniSneba
àkrobat mc~-s
mimsgavsebuli dasaxelebis
uxarisxo, iaffasiani da
gaurkveveli
Sedegebis mqone preparati.
erideT àkrobat mc~-s
mimsgavsebuli
dasaxelebis produqciis
SeZenas, gaufrTxildiT
Tqvens mosavals da
SeiZineT mxolod ``BASF
BASF~-is
~-is
warmoebis preparati
#7 (39), ივლისი, 2014
Bosio
delavalis mobiluri
sawveli danadgarebi
msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa
merZeuli
mecxoveleobisaTvis
ufro nazi vidre mwvelavis xelebi!
www.worldtechnic.ge
E-mail: [email protected]
℡ 2 90 50 00; 2 18 18 81
isargebleT agro lizingiT da gadaixadeT
teqnikis Rirebuleba etapobrivad
nomerSi waikiTxavT:
ასკა
ASCA
ახალი აგრარული
საქართველო
AKHALI AGRARULI SAQARTVELO
(New Agrarian Georgia)
ყოველთვიური სამეცნიეროსაინფორმაციო ჟურნალი.
Monthly scientific-informative magazine
ივლისი, 2014 წელი.
#7 (39)
სარედაქციო კოლეგია:
სა
ციო
ლეგი
ა: რედაქტორი),
შორე
თადაქ
მაჭა
რაშკო
ვილი
(მთ.
შო
(მთ. ჯაბნიძე,
რედაქტორი),
ნუგთა
ზარმაჭა
ებარაშ
ნოივი
ძე,ლირეზო
მიხეილ
ზვი
ად ბრეგ
ვაძე,სანიკიძე,
ამირან ადე
იშვილი,
სოხაძე,
თამარ
ნოდარ
ბრეგვაძე,
კა
ხა ლაშბარისაშვილი
ხი, მიხეილ სოხაძე,
გიორგი
(მევენახეობათამარ
სანიკიძე,
კონსტანრედაქტორი),
ტინე გურგენიძე,
მეღვინეობის
რედაქციის
თამთა გუ
გუშვილი მა
(ინგლ.
ვერს.
ნოდარ
ბრეგვაძე,
რიამ ლე
ბანირედაქტორი).
ძე,
თამთა გუგუშვილი (ინგლ. ვერს. რედაქტორი).
11
4
saqarTvelos mTiani soflebis
gadarCenis ualternativo gza
soflis mosaxleobis TiToeuli
komlis energetikuli xarji cxel
wyalze mTeli moxmarebuli energiis 12-13%-s Seadgens.
editor of English version Tamta Gugushvili
სამეცნიერო საბჭო:
სამეცნიერო საბჭო:
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
დოქ
დოქტო
ტორე
რები,
ბი, პრო
პროფე
ფესო
სორე
რები:
ბი:
რე
რევაზ
ვაზ მა
მახა
ხარობ
რობლი
ლიძე
ძე (თავმჯდომარე),
(თავმჯდომარე),
ნო
რე ნას
ყიდაშვილი,
ნოდარ
დარ ჩხარ
ჩხარტიშ
ტიშვი
ვილი,
ლი, პეტ
გურამ
ალექსიძე,
ელ
ჯა ებანოიძე,
გუგუშვილი,
ზაურ
ჯულუხიძე,
ნუგგუ
ზარ
პაატა
კოღუაშვილი,
ზუ
რაბ ჯინ
ჯიხაძე, პეტ
ამირან
ადეყიიშ
ვივი
ლი,
ელგუჯა
შაფაქიძე,
რე ნას
დაშ
ლი,
ადოლ
ტყეშე
ვილი,
ძე, ზა
ნატო
ზვიად ბრეგ
ვალაშ
ძე, ელ
გუჯალე
გური
გუშნო
ვიზა
ლი,
ურ
ჯულუხიძე,
ჯი
ხაძე,
ქრისტო
კაკაბაძე,
ვლაზუ
დირაბ
მერ ჯინ
ცანა
ვა,
კუკუ
რი ძერია,
კახნიაშვილი,
ადოლ
ტყეშეთევდორაძე,
ლაშვილი, ნატო
რე
ვაზ თევდორა
ძე, ომარ
კაკაბაძე,
კუა,
კური
რია,
ხავილაშ
და
ვით ბედი
თენძე
გიზ
ყუკა
რაშ
ლი,ხი, ომარ
თევდორაძე,
კო
ბა კობალანუგ
ძე,ზარ
ნუგსარჯველაძე,
ზარ ებანოიძე,დავით ბედიკო
ა,ლოზ
თენგიზ
ყუვი
რაშ
ვილი,
ზურაბ
ლოლაძე,
ნი
ზაზაშ
ლი,
ნუკრი
მემარნიშ
ვილი.
კობა კობალაძე, ნუკრი მემარნიშვილი.
დამ
ფუძნებელი:
გამომცემელი:
“აგრარული
“აგრარული სექ
სექტო
ტორის
რის
კომ
კომპა
პანი
ნიეების
ბის ასო
ასოცი
ციააცი
ცია”
ა” (ასკა);
(ასკა);
Agraruli
AssociationSectoris
of Agrarian Sector Companies (ASCA).
საქართველოსasociacia
რეგიონული
ეკონომიკური
Companiebis
(ASCA);
პრიორიტეტების
კვლევითი
ცენტრი. “რეგიონიკა”;
(Association
of Agrarian
Sector Companies)
Regionica
Research
რე
დაქცი_ისGeorgian
მისამარ
თი: Center for Regional
Economic
თბი
ლისიPriorities.
(0119), აგლაძის ქ. # 32
რედაქცი
ის მისა+995
მართი:
ტელ/tel:
34-76-33/
(99) 16 -18-31
თბილისი
(0114),
გორგასლის
Tbilisi
(0119),
Agladze
str. #ქ.32# 51/53
ტელ/tel: +995 (032) 2 90-50-00
e-mail: [email protected]
599 16-18-31
Tbilisi (0114), Gorgasali str. #51/53
editor
of English version Tamta Gugushvili
www.regionica.org/journal.
[email protected]
დააკაბადონა გიორგი მაისურაძემ
saqarTvelos erovnuli biblioTeka
დაიბეჭდა შპს“ივერიელი”
“დიოსის” სტამბაში
(ციფრული ბიბლიოთეკა)
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
www.dspace.nplg.gov.ge
თავისუფა
ლი პრესის პრინციპით.
ახალი აგრარული საქართველო
The magazine uses the principal of free press.
© საავტორო უფლება დაცულია.
დააკაბადონა
the author გიორგი
right is მაისურაძემ
protected.
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
თავისუფალი პრესის პრინციპით.
ფასი 5 ლარი
The journal acts in accordance with
the principles of free press.
© საავტორო უფლება დაცულია.
All rights reserved.
რეფერირებადია 2011 წლიდან
დაიბეჭდა შპს “გამომცემლობა კოლორში”
WORLD
მსოფლიო
TECHNIC
ტექნიკა
www.worldtechnic.ge
ივლისი, 2014
ივლისი
saqarTveloSi gvalvis gamo
xorblis naTesebis nawili
ganadgurda
xorblis mokleReroiani
axali botanikuri da
genetikuri forma `gorda~
12
`sobisuri~ ukve sakmaod
13 popularuli produqtia!
ìodkazeiniT~ gamdidrebuli
funqciuri daniSnulebis
`mawvnis~ bioteqnologiis
damuSaveba
14
17 kosaeropeTaraSotirivesobisdRe
ucxoelebze miwebis
gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT
axali regulaciebi
amoqmeddeba
18
9
ekonomikis gamococxlebis
soflis meurneobis saministro 18 unikaluri Sansi
didi reformisTvis emzadeba!
vebi kulturebis
movla-moyvanis agrowesebi
21 sak
nobianSi karantinia
debuli
23 zigamocxa
saqarTvelo aris ara mxolod
Rvinis akvani. axla saubroben imazec, rom pirveli puric, SesaZloa, kavkasiaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, ufro konkretulad ki
raWa-leCxumSi iyos damzadebuli.
30
vis ekuTvnis sulguni
ase rom, sulguni dasavlurqarTuli kulturaa/produqtia,
kolxeTis dablobSi Seqmnili da
ara afxazuri da osuri.
24
28
sakvebwarmoebis dargis
ganviTareba rentabeluri
mecxoveleobis safuZvelia
somxuri sindromi qarTul
sinamdvileSi anu meRvineobis
sferoSi gamarTuli
yvaryvareobis aRlumis
Sesaxeb
`mefutkre~ Taflis qarxnis
da sakuTari mini-hesis
agebas gegmavs
32
33 simindis zeTi
Jurnali àxali agraruli saqarTvelo~ gTavazobT!
JurnalSi erTi kvadratuli santimetri sareklamo farTis
Rirebuleba Seadgens: ydis meore gverdze _ 60 TeTrs (mTliani
gverdi _ 350 lari), boloswina gverdze _ 50 TeTrs (mTliani
gverdi _ 300 lari), bolo gverdze _ ukana ydaze _ 60 TeTrs
(mTliani gverdi _ 350 lari). Sida gverdebze _ 35 TeTrs (mTliani
gverdi _ 200 lari).
Jurnali „axali agraruli saqarTvelo” referirebadia 2009
wlidan. samecniero statiis moculoba reziumes TanxlebiT ar
unda aRematebodes 1,5 intervaliT, 12-iani SriftiT nabeWd 5
Tabaxis gverds.
Jurnalis gamowera SegiZliaT presis gavrcelebis saagentoebSi:
èlva.ji~ (tel.: (032) 2-38-26-73; (032) 2-38-26-74); `saqpresa+~ (0 (32) 2518518).
1 wliT Jurnalis gamowera dagijdebaT 24 lari, 6 TviT _
12 lari.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ვუბრუ ნდებ ით დაბეჭდილს
ვუბრუნდებით
დ აბეჭდ ილს
`minda aseve mivmarTo biznesmenebs. yovelma biznesmenma unda aiRos Tavis
Tavze romelime raioni, es mTa iqneba Tu bari da daexmaros materialur ganviTarebas am regionis. imedi maqvs, rom Cveni biznesmenebi yvela Seismens am Cven
mowodebas da saqarTvelo iqneba bednieri“,
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore
sa qar T ve los mTi a ni sof le bis
ga dar Ce nis ual ter na ti vo gza
Cveni mTavrobis politikuri nebaa yovelmxriv dauWiros mxari
yvela im proeqts, romelic moemsaxureba did saqveyno saqmes _ mosaxleobis SenarCunebas maRalmTian soflebSi! _ ganacxada saqarTvelos premier-ministrma irakli RaribaSvilma barisaxoSi „saukunis gzis“ proeqtis prezentaciaze.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom qveyanaSi energetikuli politikis
ararsebobis fonze, xSir SemTxvevebSi, energetikuli siduxWiris
gamo, Zalze didia Sida da qveynis gare migracia, icleba soflebi
da am procesis SeCerebis erTaderTi meqanizmi soflis mosaxlis
Tundac energiis saarsebo minimumiT uzrunvelyofaa, sxva SemTxvevaSi 21-e saukuneSi sofelSi mTavari resursis, adamianis SenarCuneba ver moxerxdeba. winamdebare statiis ZiriTadi motivi am problemis gadaWris mcdeloba da gzebis Ziebaa. vfiqrobT, rom realurad
mxolod aRwerili kompleqsuri midgoma SeiZleba problemis droulad mogvarebis sawindari gaxdes. im SemTxvevaSi Tu saxelmwifos
mxridan ar iqneba energodeficitur regionebSi ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyenebis waxalisebis politika da am problemas ar mieqceva
saTanado yuradReba, rogorc Sedegi, isev gagrZeldeba tyis resursis ganadgureba, gaizrdeba qveynis energodamokidebuleba importirebul sawvavze da mosaxleobas kvlav eqneba energiis deficiti,
gagrZeldeba migracia, ver ganviTardeba soflis meurneoba, warmoeba, socialuri foni kidev ufro damZimdeba.
rogorc bolodroindeli movlenebidan ikveTeba saqarTvelos axlo momavalSi Seeqmneba
xelsayreli pirobebi evrokavSiris
gaerTianebaSi gawevrianebisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, ukve axla navaraudevia, rom socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiis „saqarTvelo 2020“-is Tanaxmad
„energetikis sferos Tanamedrove
evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad, ganxorcieldeba evrokavSirTan asocirebis SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis
4
Tanmimdevruli Sesruleba“. Tavis
mxriv, asocirebis xelSekrulebis
mixedviT TanamSromloba energetikis sferoSi „eyrdnoba partniorobis, erToblivi interesebis,
gamWvirvalobisa da prognozirebis principebs da miznad isaxavs
bazris integraciasa da regulaciur daaxloebas energetikis
dargSi, usafrTxo, ekologiuri
da xelmisawvdomi energiis uzrunvelyofis saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT“.
dRes saqarTvelo sakuTari re-
sursebis saxiT, mis mier moxmarebuli energiis mxolod 32-35
procents akontrolebs, danarCeni 65-68% importirebuli energoresursebia. cxadia aseTi mwiri
energoresursebis bazis patroni
qveynis energousafrTxoeba Zalze
myifea, xolo energodamouki-deblobaze laparakic zedmetia.
qveynis energetikuli usafrTxoeba ganisazRvreba, rogorc
mdgomareoba, romlis dros saxelmwifos, mis mosaxleobas, sawarmoebs, infrastruqturas da sxva
momxmareblebs xeli miuwvdebaT
maT mier moTxovnil energetikul
resursebze sakmarisi raodenobiT
da gonivrul sabazro fasebSi. gageba „energetikuli usafrTxoeba“
SeiZleba ganimartos rogorc xifaTis ararseboba, anu mosaxleobis da mTlianad saxelmwifos daculoba energiis da energetikuli
resursebis yvela saxis deficitis
gaCenis safrTxeebisagan, romlebic SeiZleba warmoiqmnan negatiuri bunebrivi, teqnogenuri, antropogenuli, socialur-ekonomikuri, Sida da gare politikuri
faqtorebis zegavleniT.
energousafrTxoebis da
energodeficitis
Serbilebis saSualebebi
Catarebuli analizis Sedegebma
TvalnaTliv aCvena im praqtikuli
RonisZiebebis gatarebis aucilebივლისი, 2014
ვუბრუნ დებ ით დაბ
დაბეჭდილს
ეჭდილს
loba, romelTa ganxorcielebac
xels Seuwyobs energetikul siRaribesTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadaWras.
imdenad ramdenadac saqarTveloSi axla iwyeba energoseqtoris
modernizeba, ufro swori iqneba
Tu vityviT, axali sistemis mSenebloba, qveynis energousafrTxoebisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime ZiriTadi postulati:
1. energosistema upiratesad unda efuZnebodes sakuTar, maT Soris ganaxlebad, energoresursebs.
2. maqsimalurad unda iyos gamoyenebuli energodazogvis da energoefeqtianobis potenciali.
3. saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
evrostruqturebSi
gaerTianebisaken miswrafeba TavisTavad
gulisxmobs qveynis integracias
regionalur energosistemaSi, es
ki Tavis mxriv moiTxovs energosistemis adaptacias mezobeli
qveynebis sistemebTan ara mxolod
teqnikuri, aramed sakanonmdeblo
bazis TvalsazrisiTac. energetikuli politika TanxmobaSi unda
iyos saerTaSoriso standartebis
moTxovnebTan da es pirvel rigSi
ekologiur moTxovnebs gulisxmobs.
saqarTvelos energetikis saministros mier momzadebuli „saqarTvelos energetikul seqtorSi saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis“ dokumentis
mixedviT 2015 wlisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia eleqtroenergiis
moxmareba gaizardos 12,6 mlrd.
kvtsT-mde, xolo bunebrivi gazis
moxmareba 3.3 mlrd. m3-mde, rac moiTxovs arsebuli simZlavreebis
swrafi tempebiT reabilitacias,
axali simZlavreebis mSeneblobis konceptualur gadawyvetas
da energiis warmoeba-moxmarebis
efeqturobis mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesebas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom problemis gadawyvetas
axali simZlavreebis amoqmedebiT
hesebis mSeneblobis gaaqtiurebis
xarjze mniSvnelovani dro da kapitaldabandeba sWirdeba.
cxadia, am fonze energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis CarTva saerTo
energetikul balansSi (Tanamedrove maRalefeqtian TbodanadgarebTan erTad) mniSvnelovnad da
swrafad Seamcirebs energodeficits da Sesabamisad gazrdis energousafrTxoebas. sworad dagegივლისი, 2014
mili strategiis SemTxvevaSi Cven,
arsebuli potencialis racionaluri gamoyenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mowinave, momgebian situaciaSi aRmovCndebiT.
ganaxlebadi bunebrivi
resursebis mdgomareobis
zogadi mimoxilva
qveyanaSi ekologiuri mdgomareobis SenarCunebis erT-erTi,
Tu ara erTaderTi meqanizmi aratradiciuli, ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis gamoyenebaa. es tendenciebi ukve mkveTrad gamoisaxa
aSS-s, evrokavSiris da sxva mowinave qveynebis energetikis ganviTarebis programebSi, sadac 2020wlisaTvis, srul energetikul balansSi, ganaxlebadi wyaroebis wilis 20%-mde gazrdaa navaraudevi.
imis miuxedavad, rom ganaxlebad
energoresursebze dafuZnebuli
energodanadgarebi mcire simZlavreebze aris orientirebuli,
mZlavr energowyaroebTan SedarebiT maT ukve garkveuli upiratesobebi aqvT: es upiratesobebi yvelaze naTlad avtonomiuri energetikuli qselebis SeqmnaSi Cans,
rac pirvel rigSi ekonomiurobiTa da ekologiurobiT vlindeba.
energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis
avtonomiur energomomaragebaSi
CarTvas, garemoze adamianis minimaluri negatiuri gavlenis fonze, SeuZlia ekonomikuri ganviTareba uzrunvelyos. maTi eqspluatacia, miuxedavad SedarebiTi siZvirisa, momgebiania, Tundac socialuri kuTxiT (wylis da garemos
sisufTave, higiena da sanitaria),
rac cxovrebis xarisxis amaRlebaSi aisaxeba.
winamdebare statiaSi ZiriTadad
aratradiciuli
energetikuli
wyaroebis sam tips ganvixilavT:
mcire hidroenergetika, helio da
bioenergeetika.
hidroenergetika
hidroenergetika, romelic mcire
simZlavreebis aTvisebazea orientirebuli, Tavisi daniSnulebiT
da mniSvnelobiT, rogorc iTqva,
ganaxlebad energoresursebs ganekuTvneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mimarTuleba ar ganixileba mZlavri
energetikis alternativad, unda
aRiniSnos, rom mZlavri hidroenergetika Tavisi kaSxlebiT, derivaciebiT da sxva hidroteqnikuri
nagebobebiT mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens garemoze. imavdroulad mZlavri, wyalsacaviani hesebis rentabeloba mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli: rogorc wesi,
dadgmuli simZlavreebi xSirad
gaumarTleblad aWarbebs sezonuri moxmarebisaTvis sakmaris simZlavres, Cadebuli investiciebis
amoRebis vadebi 12-15 wliT aris
gansazRvruli da sxva, ris gamoc
dReis mdgomareobiT mZlavri hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba mniSvnelovan da safuZvlian Seferxebebs ganicdis.
helioenergetika
yvela saxis akumulirebuli da,
miT umetes, ganaxlebadi energetika saboloo jamSi mzis gamosxivebas ukavSirdeba. dReisaTvis
cnobilia uSualod mzis energiis
gamoyenebis sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba:
mzis energiis pirdapiri gardaqmna eleqtrul energiad (fotoeleqtrogardamqmnelebi); mzis energiis siTbur energiad gardaqmna
(cxeli wylis mzis koleqtorebi);
mzis energiis eleqtroenergiad
5
gar
rdaq
qmn
mna (Ter
( rm
modina
n miku
m
ri
r ciklis safuZvelze).
mzis energiis eleqtrul energiad pirdapir gardaqmna fotoeleqtruli gardamqmnelebis meSveobiT
teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT sasurveli da SesaZlebelia, Tumca erTeuli simZlavris fasi (5-7 dolari vatze) jer kidev sagrZnoblad
maRalia. ase, rom jerjerobiT, am
sferoSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani warmatebebis miuxedavad, mzis
eleqtroenergia farTomasStabiani praqtikuli gamoyenebis mxriv,
Cvens realobaSi ZviradRirebuli
fufunebaa da misi gamoyeneba mxolod saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT
SeiZleba realizdes.
bioenergetika
biomasa SeiZleba gardaiqmnas
rogorc Txevad, aseve airad sawvavad an gardauqmnelad daiwvas. bioenergetika ganaxlebadi energiis
erT-erTi yvelaze xelmisawvdomi
da perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa.
prognozebis Tanaxmad uaxloes
momavalSi misi wili saerTo energetikul balansSi 8,5-9%-ia. imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tavisufali energiis dagroveba da Senaxva
rTuli problemaa, bioenergetikis
upiratesoba ganaxlebadi energiebis sxva formebTan SedarebiT imaSi mdgomareobs, rom SesaZlebelia
misi seriozuli odenobiT akumulireba.
teqnologiuri procesis miuxedavad, bioreaqtoridan miRebul
biogazze uproblemod muSaobs
energogeneraciis iseTi efeqtiani da, rac mTavaria, avtonomiur
energomomaragebasTan misadagebuli wyaro, rogoric kogeneratoria.
kogeneratoruli danadgarebi
Tanamedrove Tboeleqtrosadgu-
6
reb
bia, s
sadac axa
nologiebis
r
x li teq
qn
b s
gamoyenebiT pirveladi wyarodan
miRebuli energia srulad (praqtikulad udanakargod) ori saxis,
eleqtrul da siTbur energiad
gardaiqmneba da maTi erTdrouli,
maqsimaluri gamoyeneba xdeba, ris
Sedegadac danadgaris sruli margi qmedebis koeficienti (sawvavis
sasargeblod gamoyenebis koeficienti) 90-92,5-%-ia, romelic, Tavis mxriv 40%/60%-iani TanafardobiT nawildeba. magaliTad, 100
kvt eleqtruli simZlavris kogeneratoris SemTxvevaSi Tanmdevi
siTburi simZlavre daaxloebiT
150 kvt-s rigis iqneba.
bioenergetikuli potenciali
saqarTvelos realobaSi, am etapze, ZiriTadad SeSis gamoyenebaze
daiyvaneba. imis miuxedavad, rom
SeSa warmoadgens tradiciul sawvavs, romelsac mosaxleoba istoriulad yovelTvis iyenebda, misi
efeqtianad gamoyenebis kultura
ver damkvidrda, TiTqmis yvelgan
xmarebaSia kustarulad damzadebuli Tunuqis Rumelebi, romlebsac aqvT dabali margi qmedebis
koeficienti. mosaxleobas ar aqvs
Tanamedrove maRalefeqtiani Rumelebis SeZenis SesaZlebloba, magram yvelafris miuxedavad SeSas
dRes konkurenti ar gaaCnia.
avtonomiuri
energomomarageba
energomomaragebis problemebi
gansakuTrebiT mwvaved soflis sinamdvileze aisaxa, metadre mTiani
regionebis im soflebSi, sadac mosaxleobisaTvis energoresursebi
Zviri da Znelad xelmisawvdomia,
saTbobis erTaderTi saSualeba
SeSaa. saojaxo energetikuli kalaTis dasabalanseblad, Tundac
minimaluri moTxovnis doneze,
gasaTbobad da sakvebis mosamzadeblad, mosaxleoba SeSas iyenebs,
Sesabamisad ukontrolod iCexeba
tyeebi da Sedegad viTardeba iseTi damangreveli movlenebi, rogorebicaa: zvavebi, Rvarcofebi,
erozia da a.S. amrigad, energouzrunvelyofis problema pirdapir
aris dakavSirebuli ekologiur
problemebTan. iqidan gamomdinare, rom am dilemis globaluri
mogvarebisaTvis Cven sakuTari,
pirveladi energoresursebi ar
gagvaCnia, tyis damcavi metnaklebad realuri meqanizmi alternatiuli, ganaxlebadi energiis ganviTarebis tempebis daCqarebaa.
SemoTavazebuli modeli upiratesad energodeficituri regionebisaTvis
energomomaragebis
axali midgomebis Camoyalibebas
iTvaliswinebs.
raionuli centrebidan moSorebuli da Znelad misadgomi soflebis energouzrunvelyofis politika sakmarisad efeqtiani ar
aris. mimdinareobs gazificirebis programa, magram maRalmTiani
soflebis soliduri raodenoba
programaSi ver Seva. unda aRvniSnoT, rom gazis arsebuli tarifebis pirobebSi im soflebSic ki,
sadac gazi miyvanilia, mosaxleoba
gaTbobisTvis ZiriTadad mainc SeSas iyenebs.
Cveni azriT, garda im umniSvnelo gamonaklisisa, rodesac dasaxlebuli punqtis mierTeba centraluri eleqtromomaragebis qselze
ekonomikurad sagrZnoblad ufro
momxiblavia, dasaxlebuli obieqtebis umetesoba adgilobrivi resursebis safuZvelze avtonomiuri energomomaragebiT unda iyos
uzrunvelyofili. cxadia, am midgomas aqvs mTeli rigi upiratesobebi: ase magaliTad, avtonomiuri
eleqtromomarageba gulisxmobs
maRali Zabvis eleqtrogadamcemi
xazebis gareSe rac SeiZleba mcire manZilze gadacemis ganxorcielebiT, adgilze eleqtroenergiis
gamomuSavebas.
energetikul proeqtebSi CarTul eqspertebs miaCniaT, rom
saqarTvelos soflis mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebis mniSvnelovnad gaumjobeseba, gansakuTrebiT mTis regionebSi, am etapze
SesaZlebelia mxolod iseTi proeqtebiT, romelic dakavSirebulia mcire simZlavris energiis
wyaroebis da maT Soris hesebis
ვუბრუნ დებ ით დაბ
დაბეჭდილს
ეჭდილს
mSeneblobasTan. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mcire
hidroenergetikis
ganviTareba
qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovan prioritetad rCeba.
ganaxlebadi energetikis meore
mimarTuleba, romlis danergvac
saqarTvelos realobaSi ara Tu
sasurveli, aramed aucilebelic
aris, bioenergetikaa. misi wili
msoflio energetikul balansSi
ukve dRes 1.8%, xolo alternatiuli energiis wilobrivi ganawilebis struqturaSi 13%-ia da mas
mniSvnelovan perspeqtivebs uwinaswarmetyveleben. saqarTveloSi
soflis meurneobis da mecxoveleobis narCenebis biogazis misaRebad gamoyenebas ormagi daniSnuleba aqvs: energiis miReba da
higiena-sanitariis gaumjobeseba
(narCenebis utilizacia).
helioenergiis gamoyenebis kuTxiT saqarTvelos umetes teritoriaze unikaluri saSualebebia,
mzis wliuri jamuri radiacia regionebis mixedviT meryeobs 12501800 kvt.sT/m2 diapazonSi. aqedan
gamomdinare (rom araferi vTqvaT
fotovoltaikebze), Tundac, cxeli wylis mzis koleqtorebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas oponentebi ar hyavs.
bioenergiis erT-erTi kerZo
SemTxveva, SeSis sawvavis gamoyenebis problema, calke Temad unda
gamoiyos. SeSis moxmareba, rasakvirvelia, upiratesad mosaxleobasTan asocirdeba. saqarTvelo
tyis resursebiT sakmaod mdidari
qveyanaa, magram bolo wlebSi mas
Seusabamod mZime tvirTi daawva.
problema am SemTxvevaSi aris ara
siRaribe, aramed merqnis sawvavis araracionaluri gamoyeneba.
aTeuli wlebis manZilze tyis resursebis araswori eqspluataciis gamo es simdidre TandaTanobiT
xelidan gvecleba da Tu ar iqneba
miRebuli gansakuTrebuli zomebi, katastrofa gardauvalia.
sasurveli Sedegis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosaxleobis saojaxo energetikuli kalaTis balansSi maqsimalurad TandaTan
iqneba SezRuduli SeSis sawvavi.
SeSis energetikuli daniSnulebiT
gamoyeneba imdenad xelsayrelia,
rom mTel msoflioSi gaCnda interesi energetikuli kulturebis
gaSenebis mimarT. swori, rentabeluri gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
Cveni tyeebis arsebuli resursi
soflis mosaxleobis gaTbobisaTvis aucilebeli moTxovnilebis
mniSvnelovan wils umtkivneulod
uzrunvelyofs.
ganaxlebadi energetika dRes,
eleqtro da Tboenergetikis yvelaze dinamiurad ganviTarebadi
mimarTulebaa, romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba im dasaxlebuli punqtebisaTvis aqvs, romlebic centralizebul energomomaragebis qselSi ar aris CarTuli.
amasTan mniSvnelovani yuradReba
eqceva pirveladi energoresursebis efeqtur gardaqmnas da sxvadasxva alternatiuli wyaroebis
racionalur gamoyenebas.
unda SemuSavdes energetikuli
resursebis Tvisobrivad axali saxeobebis aTvisebis programa ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli fasebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. Seswavlili unda iyos yvela met-naklebad mniSvnelovani gamouyenebeli hidro
da alternatiuli energetikuli
potenciali, maT Soris narCenebze
orientirebuli bioenergetikis,
romelic Cvens mier SeSis alternativad moiazreba.
soflebis umetesoba adgilobrivi resursebis safuZvelze avtonomiuri energomomaragebiT unda
iyos uzrunvelyofili. am midgomas mTeli rigi upiratesobebi aqvs:
pirvel rigSi, umniSvneloa garemoze zemoqmedeba, mSeneblobisa da
eqspluataciis periodSi zemoqmedeba, agreTve SesaZlo avariebiT
gamowveuli zemoqmedeba. soflebSi
mcire hesebis mSeneblobas SeuZlia
ganviTarebis stimulireba energobalansis gaumjobesebis gziT
SeuZlia uzrunvelyos energodamokidebulebis Semcireba, axali
samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, sacxovrebeli standartebis amaRleba,
teqnologiuri standartebis gaumjobeseba, muSaxelis Sromisunarianobis gaujobeseba da axali saqmianobebis ganviTareba.
kvlevebis safuZvelze yvela
konkretul SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia momzaddes dasaxlebuli
obieqtis energouzrunvelyofis
muSa proeqti, mcire simZlavris
hesebis; fotoeleqtrogardamqmnelebis; kogeneraciuli da biogazis danadgarebis kompleqsuri
gamoyenebis safuZvelze.
mivxedoT sofels,
sofeli gadaarCens qveyanas!
ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebze
dafuZnebuli mcire eleqtrosadgurebis gavlena garemoze, didi
simZlavris sadgurebTan SedarebiT, imdenad umniSvneloa, rom isini usafrTxo obieqtebad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 56%
soflebSi da masTan gaTanabrebul
dasaxlebebSi cxovrobs. SemoTavazebuli avtonomiuri energouz-
runveyofis modeli SesaZlebels
gaxdis drois mcire monakveTSi
mosaxleobis am nawilisaTvis energetikuli usafrTxoeba realobad
iqces, imavdroulad adgilobrivi administraciuli erTeulebi
garkveul energodamoukideb-lobasac SeiZenen, rac srul TanxmobaSia mTavrobis mier deklarirebul damoukidebeli TviTmmarTvelobis politikasTan. garda amisa,
7
msgavsi midgoma gazrdis mTlianad
saxelmwifos energousafrTxoebas da energodamoukideblobas;
savaraudod sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba energomomaragebaze arsebuli tarifebi da zogadad, energoresursebi mosaxleobis farTo
fenebisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi
gaxdeba.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani saqarTvelos aratradiciul energoresursebs Soris mcire simZlavris
hidroenergetikaa. eqspertebs Soris gavrcelebuli monacemebiT
saqarTvelos 26 aTasze meti mdinaridan seriozuli energetikuli mniSvnelobiT mxolod 300-mde
mdinare gamoirCeva, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom mosaxleoba soflebSi Zalze meCxerad cxovrobs, avtonomiur reJimSi maTi mokrZalebuli odenobiT
eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis,
savaraudod, naklebad efeqturi,
aTasobiT mdinaris gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. 60-ian
wlebSi qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 400 mcire simZlavris
hesi funqcionirebda da
maTi umetesoba yovelgvari motivaciis gareSe, saqmisadmi zerele, uyairaTo
damokidebulebas Seewira.
Cveni azriT aRniSnuli mimarTulebis reabilitacia
Zalze saSuri saqmea da mas
seriozuli rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia soflis dasaxlebebis energouzrunvelyofaSi.
imis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom SeSa tradiciuli da
xelmisawvdomi sawvavi saSualebaa, misi amoReba mosaxleobis saarsebo energetikuli kalaTidan SeuZlebelia. aseve SeuZlebelia
misi srulad Canacvleba
raime sxva saxis resursiT.
meores mxriv, merqnis damzadebis axali teqnologiebis danergviT da Tanamedrove
teqnikiT damzadebuli Rumelebis
gamoyenebiT, sawvavis sasargeblod gamoyenebis koeficientis
gazrdis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia mkveTrad Semcirdes (daizogos) moxmarebisaTvis aucilebeli
SeSis raodenoba. aq mTavari problema aRniSnuli teqnologiebis da
teqnikis siZvirea. vfiqrobT, rom
am sakiTxis mogvarebaSi garkveu-
8
li roli saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos.
bioenergetikis farTomasStabiani danergva, energetikulze metad, mniSvnelovania garemoze zemoqmedebis gaumjobesebis kuTxiT.
amjerad sakiTxi sanitaria-higienas exeba. soflebis mosaxleoba
fizikur arsebobas mecxoveleobiT inarCunebs, fermerebs wlis
ganmavlobaSi tonobiT ugrovdeba
nakeli da wunwuxi, romelsac gadamuSavebis gareSe iyeneben. narCenebi grovdeba uSualod sakarmidamo
nakveTSi, sacxovreblis mimdebare
teritoriaze. aRniSnulis gamo
Ria sivrceSi gaifrqveva meTanis
mniSvnelovani odenoba, romelic
Cveni atmosferosTvis 20-jer ufro mavnebelia, vidre naxSirJangi.
narCenebi abinZurebs garemos da,
rac mTavaria, unikalur mdinare-
ebs, romlebsac mosaxleoba sasmelad iyenebs. es yvelaferi, ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Senelebuli
moqmedebis biologiuri naRmebia,
romelTa gauvnebloba aucilebelia. am kompleqsuri problemis
mogvarebaSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia
mastimulirebeli funqcia Seasrulos biogazis warmoebis waxalisebis meSveobiT. Tavis mxriv Tu
mosaxles 4-5 suli saqoneli hyavs,
mas saWmlis mosamzadeblad sakmarisi biosawvavi eqneba, rac ojaxis
mier moxmarebuli saerTo energiis daaxloebiT 17%-ia.
soflis mosaxleobis TiToeuli
komlis energetikuli xarji cxel
wyalze mTeli moxmarebuli energiis 12-13%-s Seadgens. am energiis
miReba warmatebiT SeiZleba wylis
gamacxeleblebis meSveobiT. wyalgamacxelebeli warmoadgens mzis
energiis mSTanTqmeli mowyobilobisa da Tboizolirebuli avzis
erTobliobas, romlis saSualebiTac (mag. mSTanTqmelis farTobi
2 m2 is farglebSi, avzis tevadoba
120-dan 135 litramde) SesaZlebelia yoveldRiurad minimum 130
litri 70-80 gradus celciusis
temperaturis mqone wylis miReba,
rac, xangrZlivi periodis manZilze dakvirvebis Sedegad, sruliad
sakmarisi aRmoCnda, raTa
dakmayofilebuli iqnes 4-5
d
suliani ojaxis moTxovnis
leba cxel wyalze abazanal
sa da samzareuloSi.
s
im soflebSi, sadac eleqtromomarageba tradiciuli saSualebebiT SeuZlebel
lia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
l
rom eleqtromowyobilober
bisaTvis saWiro eleqtroeb
nergias vercerTi sxva saxis
n
energiiT ver CavanacvlebT,
e
erTaderTi
alternatie
va fotovoltaikebis (fov
toeleqtrogardamqmneli)
t
firfitebis
gamoyenebaa.
f
ojaxisaTvis saWiro eleqo
troenergiis aucilebeli
moculoba energiis saerTo
m
moculobis 11-12%-is rim
gisaa, rac energiis wyaros
g
simZlavreSi
daaxloebiT
s
600-1000 vatis farglebSi
6
iiqneba gamosaxuli da rac
savsebiT sakmarisi iqnes
ba erTi ojaxis pirveladi
b
moxmarebis aparaturisaTm
vis; ganaTebisaTvis; enerv
godamzogi radio-teleapag
raturis da ekonomiuri, mciregabaritiani macivris muSaobisaTvis.
energiis darCenil deficits,
rac daaxloebiT 1150kg.ps. Seadgens, (1-t`ne — erTi tona navTobis
eqvivalenti — tolia 41,868 gj an
11,63 mgvt.sT.) mosaxleoba misTvis
xelmisawvdomi romelime resursiT Seavsebs.
anzor dundua,
nugzar uflisaSvili
ინ ტე რვიუ
ინტერვიუ
soflis meurneobis saministro
didi reformisTvis emzadeba!
saqarTvelo soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mimzidveli qveyanaa, sadac sxvadasxva agraruli dargebis warmatebiT
ganviTareba SeiZleba. evropasTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT qveyanas evropis bazarze gasvlis kargi perspeqtiva uCndeba,
Tumca saamisod seriozuli reformebis gatareba da momzadebaa saWiro. Rvinis Semdeg evropis bazrze rogorc specialistebi amboben,
qarTuli xilis eqsportic warmatebiT SeiZleba, Tumca manamde, vidre Cveni xili evropis bazarze gava, sakmaod Sromatevadi samuSaos
Sesruleba iqneba saWiro.
gTavazobT intervius saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ministris
pirvel moadgile oTar daneliasTan.
— garda kalibrisa da SefuTvisa, ra faqtorebia is,
rac evropas qarTuli xilis yidvas gadaawyvetinebs?
produqciis moculobas aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba? xilis laboratoriulad gamokvlevas Tu iTxovs
evropa?
— kaxeTSi atmis ramdenime jiSia gavrcelebuli.
zogierTi sakvebad gamoiyeneba, zogic — gadasamuSaveblad, zogi Ria ferisaa, zogi SedarebiT muqia.
yvela jiSs gansxvavebuli kurka aqvs. zogierTi kurka ixsneba. es da sxva mravali faqtoris Seswavla, gaanalizeba da sertificirebaa saWiro saimisod, rom
romelime produqtis, am SemTxvevaSi atmis miwodeba
iyos srulfasovani. misi sertifikatidan gamomdinare unda vicodeT, ra produqtia — ra jiSis atamia, ra
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba da sxva.
saqarTveloSi aris atmis iseTi jiSebi, romlebic
evropaSi SesaZloa, arc Segvxvdes. rom gavarkvioT,
ramdenad misaRebia evropuli bazrisTvis esa Tu is
xili, amas sWirdeba analizi. evropuli bazari Zalian
didia da am bazarze gasvla niSnavs rogorc valdebulebebis aRebas da axal SesaZleblobebs, aseve konkurentul garemos, romelsac Cven ar varT miCveulebi.
gvqonda 2-3 bazari da yvela produqti iq gadioda.
garda amisa, evrokavSiris bazarze atami rom SevitanoT, amas produqtis sworad wardgena sWirdeba.
miwodebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania produqciis moculoba da misi stabilurad miwodeba. samwuxarod, stabiluri miwodeba, risi miRweva amJamad SeuZlebelia, radgan atmis mosavlis aReba CvenSi 1-1,5
TveSi mTavrdeba. misi didxans Senaxva imdens xans,
rom mTeli weliwadi davicvaT miwodebis srulfasovani cikli, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
amas sWirdeba momzadeba, jiSebis gamocda, Segnebulad momzadebuli sanergeebi, axali Tanamedrove standartis baRebi, sadac gegmazomierad gadanawildeba rogorc saadreo, ise saSemodgomo jiSebi,
sadac mosavlis aReba dawyebidan erT TveSi ar dasruldeba. dRes ki ra xdeba?
gamoikveTa ramdenime problema: dasadgenia atmis
jiSebi da Tvisobrioba. atami Sesaxedad, SesaZloa,
misaRebi iyos, magram ar iyos im konkretuli daniSnulebis, romelic damkveTs sWirdeba.
Cven axla vakeTebT axal laboratorias, romelic
nebismier saerTaSoriso standarts daakmayofilebs. am procesebis erToblioba mogvcems saSualebas, rom jiSebis identifikaciis da swori wardgenis
pirobebSi evrokavSirs konkretuli produqti SevTavazoT da amave dros pasuxi vagoT mis xarisxze.
— evrokavSiri am etapze mwarmoeblisgan iTxovs
laboratoriis testis Sedegebs, romelic produqtSi, am SemTxvevaSi atamSi, pesticidis narCenis raodenobas gansazRvravs?
— am etapze aseTi kvlevis Catareba savaldebulo ar
aris. wlis bolos gveqneba Sesabamisi laboratoria
da SesaZlebloba, rom es kvleva saqarTveloSi CavataroT da evrokavSiris moTxovna davakmayofiloT.
— saqarTvelodan Taflis eqsportTan dakavSirebiT ras gvetyviT?
— es Zalian mZime Temaa. mefutkreoba mxolod soflis meurneobis dargi ar aris. is ganixileba garemosTan kavSirSi. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria amJamad
arsebuli potencialis gazrdaze. Tu evropaSi erT
skaze 20-30 kg Tafli modis, saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli 8-12 kilogramia.
am dargSi kvalificiuri TanamSromlebi ar arian.
adamianuri resursi Zalian mwiria. aqamde axalgazrdebi mefutkreobiT ar interesdebodnen. sxvaTa Soris, ramdenime dRis winaT kaxeTSi am dargis warmomadgenlebs SevxvdiT. gamixarda da gamikvirda, rom
Sexvedras 18-dan 70 wlamde asakis, anu yvela asakobrivi jgufis adamianebi eswrebodnen. es imas niSnavs,
rom mefutkreobisadmi interesi gaCnda.
aseve mniSvnelovania mefutkreTa kooperaciis Temac. arian iseTi mewarmeebi, romelTac 100-300 ska
aqvT da iseTebic, romlebsac mxolod 10-15 ska aqvT.
bunebrivia, es mwiri raodenobaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi
Taflis warmoeba ararentabeluria, danaxarjebi didia da Taflis TviTRirebuleba gamodis maRali. amitom Cven maT kooperireba SevTavazeT. Tu gamsxvildebian, maT eqnebaT saSualeba, rom Taflis gadamuaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
9
ინტერვიუ
da rodesac aviRebT valdebulebas, is SevasruloT.
es myisierad da erTi xelis mosmiT ver moxdeba.
— Tu gaqvT gaTvaliswinebuli mobiluri laboratoriebis sistemis danergva, rom laboratoria Tavad mivides glexTan?
— mobiluri laboratoriis Tema erT-erT variantad ganixileba. mza koncefciebi ar aris, aris ramdenime samuSao varianti. CvenTan sxva mocemulobaa,
evropaSi sxva tradiciebi iyo. Sesabamisad, Cven evropul gamocdilebas pirdapir ver gadmoviRebT.
— mobiluri laboratoriebis nawilSi evropa, mgoni, Zalian martiv da komfortul gzas gvTavazobs.
— ar vici. SeiZleba Cven kidev ufro martivi ram
SevTavazoT...
— saqarTvelodan evrokavSirSi Tevzis eqsportis
SesaZlebloba Tu ganixileba?
S vebi
Sa
b sa
s da dafaso
s ebis
b s dros
r s daicvan
n etiketire
r bis
b s
is normebi, romlebsac sursaTis erovnuli kodeqsi
iTxovs. amis Semdeg ufro metad konkurentunarianebi gaxdebian da evropaSi Taflis gayidvis meti SesaZlebloba gauCndebaT.
qarTuli Taflis Semowmebis mizniT evropaSi 40-mde
nimuSi gavagzavneT. samwuxarod, 22-ze uaryofiTi pasuxi Camovida: Tafli Seicavda antibiotikis narCenebs. am mxriv bevri samuSao gvaqvs. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom wlis bolomde gveqneba laboratoriuli
sinjebis saqarTveloSi aRebis SesaZlebloba.
mniSvnelovania Taflis fasis Temac. saqarTveloSi Tafli Zviria, evrokavSiris bazarze ki SedarebiT
iafi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mefutkreebi kooperativSi
gaerTiandebian da warmoebas gazrdian, Taflis fasic ufro metad konkurentuli gaxdeba.
— evrokavSirSi eqsportis TvalsazrisiT Tevzi
erT-erTi perspeqtiuli produqtia, radgan evropis
bazarze moTxovna miwodebas aWarbebs. saqarTveloSi ramdenime saTevze meurneoba arsebobs, arian adamianebi, romlebic am dargs met-naklebad icnoben,
magram specialistebis moZebna Wirs. amitom saqarTvelodan Tevzis eqsportis SesaZleblobebi rom gavaanalizoT, eqspertebi evrokavSiridan Camogvyavs.
isini CvenTvis rekomendaciebs moamzadeben. gvinda
evropeli eqspertebis daxmarebiT miviRoT is suraTi, romelic maTTvis misaRebi iqneba.
— ra aris is finansuri instrumenti, rac SeiZleba
kooperaciis waxalisebis procesSi CaerTos?
— parizis erT-erT patara Rvinis maRaziaSi Sevedi.
gamyidvels vkiTxe, qarTuli Rvino Tu gaqvT-meTqi.
miTxra, qarTuli Rvino ar gvaqvs, magram male gvqnebao da momiyva Rvinis istoria, rom Rvinis warmoeba
pirvelad saqarTveloSi daiwyo. gamikvirda. axalgazrda, 22 wlis biWi iyo.
saqarTvelo aris ara mxolod Rvinis akvani. axla
saubroben imazec, rom pirveli puric, SesaZloa,
kavkasiaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, ufro konkretulad ki raWa-leCxumSi iyos damzadebuli. Cven
qarTuli xorblis uZvelesi jiSebi gvaqvs. maTi meSveobiT qveynis warmoCena kargad SegviZlia.
— aseTi instrumentebia: sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, subsidirebis sxvadasxva gegmebi, saWiro teqnikis
gadacema da a.S. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi umniSvnelovanesia, rac realizaciis did SesaZleblobasTan
aris dakavSirebuli. saxelmwifo yvelafers gaakeTebs dargis waxalisebisa da mewarmeTa koordinaciisTvis (bunebrivia, kerZo biznesSi ver CavereviT).
isini isargebleben yvela im sikeTiT, rac am dargis
ganviTarebaze iqneba mimarTuli.
— rodis aisaxeba qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi HACCP
HACCPis (safrTxis analizisa da kritikuli sakontrolo
wertilebis gegma/sis
ma sistema) danergvis moTxovna?
— kanonSi HACCP-is danergvis moTxovnac unda aisaxos da GLOBAL GAP-is (sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis
sanimuSo praqtikis standarti) danergvis moTxovnac. am SemTxvevaSi GLOBAL GAP-i ar warmoadgens
aucileblobas, HACCP-i ki aucilebeli iqneba yvela
biznesoperatorisTvis. Cven gvaqvs samoqmedo gegma,
romelic gawerilia im direqtivebis mixedviT, rasac
evrokavSirTan sakanonmdeblo daaxloeba moiTxovs.
am mimarTulebiT muSaoba ukve daiwyo. Tumca, es ar
aris martivi procesi. yvels magaliTad, ojaxur pirobebSic xSirad awarmoeben. ise unda gavakeToT,
rom es regulaciebi da moTxovnebi mosaxleobas mZime tvirTad ar daawves. Sesabamisad, Cveni gadasawyvetia, Tu ra vadebSi davnergavT am moTxovnebs. monaxazi ukve arsebobs. mimdinareobs konsultaciebi
evropul mxaresTan. gvinda, rom SevjerdeT vadebze
10
— rogor unda gavuwioT qarTul produqts reklama evropis bazrebze — momxmarebels SevTavazoT
produqtebi sakuTari istoriiT da legendiT Tu
jer qveyana unda gavacnoT da amas Semdeg unda mivayoloT produqtis reklama?
— gansakuTrebuli ra SeiZleba SevTavazoT evropas?
saqarTveloSi mravali mikroklimaturi zona da
mravalferovani niadagebia. Cveni qveyana SesaZloa
gaxdes saintereso adgili mecnierebisTvis — nacvlad imisa, rom erTi kvlevisTvis isini wavidnen aziaSi, evropasa da afrikaSi, Camovlen saqarTveloSi da
aq, erT qveyanaSi Caatareben yvela am samuSaos.
dRes mTels msoflioSi Zalian aqtualuria ekologiurad sufTa produqtebis Tema. Tu saqarTvelo am
niSaSi adgils daikavebs, Zalian momgebiani iqneba. agroturizmi mTels msoflioSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba. am sferoTi dainteresebuli sul ufro meti
turisti Camodis. maT moswonT qarTuli samzareulo.
Cven gvaqvs mravalferovani turistuli potenciali,
gvaqvs samTo da sazRvao kurortebi da es Zalian izidavs adamianebs. amitom meti, gacilebiT meti energia
unda CavdoT saqarTvelos ganviTarebaSi.
info
ალოობა
saqarTveloSi gvalvis gamo xorblis
naTesebis nawili ganadgurda
kaxeTSi xorblis naTesebis mniSvnelovani nawili ganadgurda. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareoba ivris zegansa da Siraqis velze iyo. mizezi
gvalva da swrafi gaudabnoebis procesia. garda
amisa, Zalian dabalia qeris mosavali. amasTanave,
siRnaRis raionSi gaxma axladgaSenebuli 100 heqtari venaxi.
qiziyelebi „biznes-rezonansTan” saubrisas aRniSnaven, rom mSrali havis gamo xorblis naTesis didi
farTobebi ganadgurda. siRnaRis raionSi xorbali
19 790 heqtarze daiTesa, aqedan 16 100 saSemodgomo
xorbali iyo, 3690 — saSemodgomo qeri. 4995 heqtar
xorblis yanaSi kombaini ar Sesula, radgan naTesi
100%-iT ganadgurebulia. daaxloebiT 3000 heqtar
farTobze heqtarze 400-700 tona xorbali movida.
SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo alaznis velze,
sadac zogierT nakveTze heqtarze 3-4 tona xorbali
aiRes, Tumca aseTi farTobebi arc ise bevria.
gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareoba iyo ivris zeganze, qvemo maCxaanSi. yaraRaji-milaris teritoriaze
mimdinareobs gaudabnoeba. garda marcvleuli kulturebisa, 100 heqtarze axladgaSenebuli venaxi gaxma.
gvalvebis gamo rTuli mdgomareobaa Siraqisa da
alaznis velebzec, sadac saSualo mosavali 1 heqtarze 1 tonis farglebSia.
specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom qiziySi 3 aTasi heqtari naxevrad gaudabnoebuli da mitovebulia. amis
mizezi, globalur daTbobasTan erTad, qarsacavi
zolebis gaCexva da sarwyavi sistemis moSlaa. specialistebis mokvleviT, gaudabnoebis yvelaze didi
safrTxe qiziysa da qvemo qarTlSia.
ramdenime wlis winaT garemos dacvis saministrosTan erTad dedofliswyaros raionSi gaudabnoebis
procesebis Seswavla daiwyo. 3 aTas heqtramde teritoria ukve naxevrad gaudabnoebulia, wamovida
udabnosTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcenareebi. dauSvebelia isedac mciremiwian qveyanaSi teritoriebi udabnod gadaiqces, amas saswrafod sWirdeba Svela.
saswrafod unda moxdes sarwyavi sistemebis aRdgena. Tu es teritoria moirwyveba, gaudabnoebis
procesic SeCerdeba. komunistur periodSi am sakiTxs didi yuradReba eqceoda. aq ukve 20 weliwadia
niadagis gakeTilSobileba aRar momxdara. problemas kerZo pirebi ver moagvareben, am sakiTxze saxelmwifom unda izrunos. aucilebelia gamlaSebuli niadagis gakeTilSobileba.
kavkasiis garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qselis (CENN) mier ganxorcielebuli
kvlevis Tanaxmad klimaturi cvlilebebis Sedegad
dedofliswyaroSi odesRac nayofieri miwa udaburdeba, Tumca es ar aris erTaderTi mizezi, ris gamoc
adgilobrivi fermerebis nawilma miwebis damuSaveba
Sewyvita.
kvlevis mixedviT 2020-50 wlebSi haeris saSualo
mravalwliuri temperatura 2,5-3 gradusiT moimatebs (temperatura ukve gazrdilia 0,6 gradusiT),
ris gamoc mosalodnelia saxnav-saTesi miwebis, baRbostnebis, venaxebisa da saZovrebis produqtiulobis sagrZnoblad Semcireba. mkvlevarebis TqmiT gaudabnoebis procesi gaZlierdeba dedofliswyaros
municipalitetis teritoriis did nawilze. viTarebas isic amZimebs, rom raionSi ar arsebobs sarwyavi
arxebi. aseve gaCexilia qarsafari zolebi, ris gamoc
qari niadagis zeda fenas (sadac marcvalia) advilad
anadgurebs.
adgilobrivebi amboben, rom qarsafari zolebisa
da sarwyavi sistemis aRdgena, rac problemis mniSvnelovnad Semcirebis pirobad miiCneva, dedofliswyarosa da siRnaRis municipalitetebis ZalebiT
ver moxdeba, vinaidan RonisZiebebis gatarebas seriozuli Tanxa sWirdeba.
saxelmwifo am mimarTulebiT marTalia bolo
wlebSi garkveul nabijebs dgams, magram Cans es sakmarisi ar aris da saxnav-saTesi farTobebis gasarwyavianebisa da gakulturebis sakiTxs ufro meti
dro unda daeTmos.
kaxeTisgan gansxvavebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobaa qvemo qarTlSi, sadac zogierT meurneobaSi mousavliani wlis miuxedavad,, SedarebiT kargi mosavali miiRes. magaliTad, firma „lomTagoram“, sadac wlebia
xorblis meTesleobas misdeven da axali xorblebi
11
ალოობა
gamohyavT, heqtarze saSualod 6 tona (xorblis jiSi
„lomTagora-126“) marcvali aiRo.
bolnisis raionis sofel talaverSi jiSTa gamocdis proeqtis farglebSi daTesili xorblis pirveli mosavali aiRes.
saxelmwifos mxridan jiSTa gamocdis proeqtis
ganxorcieleba samecniero-kvleviTi mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabijia, romlis realuri Sedegi male unda gamoCndes.
rogorc cnobilia, soflis meurneobis saministros soflis meurneobis proeqtebis marTvis saagentom 2013 wels jiSTa gamocdis proeqtis ganxorcie-
l ba daiwyo. proeqti iTvaliswinebs saqarle
TveloSi arsebuli niadagur-klimaturi
z nebisTvis simindis, soios da xorblis
zo
o timaluri jiSebis gamovlenas, rac Semop
dgomSi xels Seuwyobs qveynis masStabiT xar xiani saTesle masalis gavrcelebas.
ris
saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi soflis meu neobisadmi gaugebari damokidebulebis
ur
g mo sruliad ganadgurda jiSTa gamocdis
ga
s gurebi, Sewyda seleqciuri saqmianosad
b da meTesleobis dargi mTlianad ganadba
g da. moiSala kontrolis meqanizmi. vinc
gur
r moaxerxebda da Cauvardeboda xelSi, is
ras
T li Semohqonda ucxoeTidan. es praqtika
Tes
d sac grZeldeba. amitomac marcvleuli
dRe
Tu sxva kulturebis mosavlianoba Semcirda.
aRniSnuli proeqtis farglebSi, sakonkurso gamocdis safuZvelze, ukve perspeqtiuli jiSebi gamovlindeba da marcvleulis mwarmoeblebi aprobirebul da gamocdil jiSebs daTesaven, rac ukeTesi
mosavlis miRebis garantias Seqmnis.
sacdel meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli jiSebis mosavlianobisa da maTi av-kargianobis dadgenisaTvis sakonkurso jiSTa gamocda 3-wlian periods gaivlis,
saukeTeso jiSebi SeirCeva da warmoebaSi dasanergad
fermerebs gadaecema.
ass
სელექ ცია
სელექცია
xorblis mokleReroiani axali botanikuri
da genetikuri forma `gorda~
seleqciis ZiriTadi meTodebis saSualebiT xdeba ama Tu im jiSis gaumjobeseba an sruliad axali jiSis Camoyalibeba.
sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturaTa seleqciaSi qimiuri mutagenebis gamoyeneba ganapiroba im
garemoebam, rom mutagenebiT SesaZlebelia Seicvalos mcenareTa
erTi an ramdenime niSan-Tviseba
da miRebuli mutantisagan gamravlebisa da masze seleqciuri muSaobis Catarebis Semdeg SevqmnaT
Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisi jiSi. garda amisa mutantebSi
SesaZlebelia warmoiqmnas axali
niSnebi da Tvisebebi, gamovlindes sruliad axali, metad sasargeblo niSnebic, riTac mdidrdeba
kulturul mcenareTa bunebrivi
saxeobis mravalferovneba.
sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareTa
sxvadasxva mutanturi formebi
Zvirfas saseleqcio masalas war-
12
moadgens rogorc uSualod jiSis
gamosayvanad, aseve sahibridizaciod. mutantebis jiSebTan da
mutantTSorisi
hibridizaciiT
iqmneba mravalferovani, gamdidrebuli memkvidreobis mqone axali sawyisi masala seleqciuri jiSebis gamosayvanad.
saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis miwaTmoqmedebis institutSi
iswavleboda sxvadasxva sasoflosameurneo kulturebze qimiuri
mutagenebis moqmedeba, maT Soris
xorblis kulturazec da miRebuli iqna ramodnime mutanturi jiSi
da forma. mizanmimarTulma seleqciurma muSaobam Seqmna maRalproduqtiuli konstantur mcenareTa
formebi, romlebic Zlier gansxvavdeba sawyisi formebisagan.
s
q rTveloSi
S gasav
s rceleb
blad
saqar
daSvebul jiS „dukatis“ Teslis
qimiuri mutageniT, NMM (nitrozameTilSardovana)
0,01%-iani
xsnaris zemoqmedebiT miRebuli,
mkveTrad mokleReroiani superjuja forma „gorda“ rbili xorblis sruliad axali saxesxvaobaa
da saqarTveloSi mcenareTa geივლისი, 2014
სელე ქცია
სელექცია
netikuri da seleqciuri skolis
fuZemdeblis, kavkasiaSi pirveli
seleqcioneris leonid dekapreleviCis 125 wlis aRsaniSnavad
ewoda var. Dekaprelevichi (nasyidaSvili).
superjuja „gorda“ - Tricum aesvum var. dekaprelevichi (Naskidashvili)
var. nova ganviTarebis tipis mixedviT saSemodgomo jiSia, sakmaod sagviano. mcenare buCqis tipis,
mkveTrad mokleReroiani, Semcirebuli muxlTSorisebis raodenobiTa da sigrZiT, romlis maqsimaluri simaRle Seadgens 10-12 sm.
foToli farTe, vertikalurad
mdgomi. Rero mokle, mtkice, Znelad iRuneba. TavTavi ufxo, mokle (4-5 sm), brtyeli, mkveTrad
mkvrivi, romelSic gazrdilia
ganuviTarebeli TavTunebis raodenoba, mWidrod ganlagebuli
TavTavis Rerakze, TavTunis kbili ganieri, momrgvalebuli mxris
formiT, kbilaki Zalian
mokle, zomierad moRunuli. marcvali TeTri,
bJiri, 1000 marcvlis masa 30 gramia (avtori: g.
CxutiaSvili; g. xuciSvili; p. nasyidaSvili; n. jafariZe; n. soxaSvili).
mravalmxrivi mecnieruli gamokvlevebi da
praqtika naTlad gviCvenebs, rom xorblis jiSebis mcenaris Reros yvelaze xelsayrel simaRled miCneul unda iqnas
70-90 sm. xorblis mcenaris Reros
aseTi simaRle uzrunvelyofs naTesis ara marto Cawolisadmi gamZleobas, aramed marcvlis formirebis ekonomiurobasac.
amrigad, „gorda“ axali genetikuri wyaro, axali saseleqcio
sawyisi masala, jiS-donoria mokleReroianobis 2-3 genis matarebeli jiSebis misaRebad.
gulnari CxutiaSvili,
s/mm akademiuri doqtori
ახა ლგაზ რდა ფერმერ
ახალგაზრდა
ფერმერები
ები
`sobisuri~ ukve sakmaod popularuli produqtia!
tia
qarTveli migrantebis gaerTianeba germaniaSi _
GEORGIEN´S BRÜCKE-s,
-s, avstriuli organizaciebis _
HERMES-is,
-is, CONSALIS -is, ÖARis
is kvalificiuri warmomadgenlebis uSualo monawileobiT da germaniis migraciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso centrisa ((CIM)) da avstriis ganviTarebis saagentos
(ADA)) TanadgomiT saqarTveloSi mdgradi regionuli ganviTarebis mxardamWeri kvalifikaciis amaRlebis programa ukve meore welia mimdinareobs.
misi mizani saqarTveloSi moqmedi organizacia
„eTikfinansis“ TanamSromlebis gadamzadebaa, ris
Sedegadac isini SeZleben regionebSi warmatebiT
ganaxorcielon da ganaviTaron mdgradi proeqtebi da amasTan kerZo pirebs, mewarmeebsa Tu saTemo
gaerTianebebs konsultacia gauwion.
argoxSi samewarmeo xasiaTs atarebs; orive saqarTvelos soflebSi mosaxleobisTvis da gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdebisTvis axali SesaZleblobebis
warmoCenas, Tanamedrove codnisa da gamocdilebis
gaziarebas gulisxmobs. aman xeli unda Seuwyos soflad rogorc erToblivi, aseve individualuri iniciativebis Camoyalibebas.
specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT msgavsi modelis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic igegmeba.
proeqtis idea ramdenime wlis winaT gaCnda, roca
organizaciis axlandeli avstrieli partniorebi
saqarTvelos estumrnen, regionebi moiares, „eTikfinansis” saqmianobas gaecnen da STabeWdileba gagviziares, rom uamravi gamouyenebeli SesaZlebloba
da didi potenciali xelisgulze ido: „Tqven yvelaferi gaqvT, ubralod intensiurad da gabedulad unda mokidoT saqmes xeli“ — es sityvebi „eTikfinansis”
TanamSromlebma maTgan pirveli Sexvedris Semdegac
bevrjer moismines. es erTgvarad gamamxnevebeli da
meti aqtiurobisaTvis biZgismimcemi SeZaxili iyo.
proeqtis ganxorcieleba oTxi sapilote proeqtis
magaliTze daiwyo. aqedan ori proeqti goris raionis sofel qvemo sobissa da axmetis raionis sofel
13
ახა ლგაზრ და ფერმერ
ახალგაზრდა
ფერმერები
ები
sofel qve
s
q mo
m so
s bis
b sS
Si „eTikfinan
n ns
sis”
s” mi
m er
r dafuZZ
nebuli naturaluri vaSlis wvenis mcire sawarmo
— axalgazrduli kooperativi maRali xarisxis, asi
procentiT naturalur wvens (yovelgvari danamatis
gareSe) awarmoebs. „sobisuri“ ukve sakmaod moTxovnadi produqtia. proeqtis amocanas sawarmos mdgradi
ganviTarebis safuZvlis Cayra warmoadgens.
sofel argoxSi „eTikfinansma” proeqtis monawileebs
axali wamowyebis, kerZod ki samkurnalo mcenareebis
warmoeba-moZiebis, maTi produqtad gardaqmnis saqmis
Seswavlisa da bazris moZiebis SesaZlebloba misca.
regionebSi axalgazrdebis ganviTarebis kidev erTi
sapilote proeqti. ganaTlebis miRebis, xelobis Seswavlis da dasaqmebis Sansebis identificirebisken da
gazrdisken aris mimarTuli. germaniidan mowveulma
specialistebma sofel qvemo sobisSi mozardebs socialuri unarebis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro seminarebi Cautares. msgavsi aqtivobebi sxva regionebSic
ganxorcieldeba. proeqtis farglebSi momavali wlis
gazafxulze konferencia gaimarTeba, sadac aRniSnul sferoSi momuSave arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo
organizaciebi da fondebi miiReben monawileobas,
Semdgomi sapilote proeqti iseT aqtualur da
xSir SemTxvevaSi glexisTvis (da aramarto) saWirboroto Temas exeba, rogoric safinanso institutebidan sesxis aRebaa. „eTikfinansis“ TanamSromlebma
ori sasoflo-sameurneo proeqtis farglebSi (rom-
lis dafinansebasac „eTikfinansis” mier daarsebuli
sakredito kooperativi „eTikkapitali“ uzrunvelyofs) msesxeblebs konsultacia unda gauwion, romlis Sedegadac mosargebleebma sesxis mizanSewonilobis dadgena, misi gonivrulad gankargva, riskebis
identificireba unda SeZlon.
proeqti erTianobaSi warmatebuli saqmianobisTvis saWiro erTgvar jaWvs qmnis, romlis yvela rgolic Tanabrad mniSvnelovania — axali codnisa da
gamocdilebis SeZenis xelmisawvdomoba, axali SesaZleblobebis danaxvebiT personaluri da jgufuri
iniciativebis Camoyalibeba, maTi gansxeulebisTvis
saWiro finansuri resursebis swori gamoyeneba da
kidev yvelaze saSuri — Sroma, garja da sakuTari
marjvenis imedi. rogorc ilia ambobda:
„dRevandel cxovrebaSi sufris TavSi is eri dajdeba, vinc irjeba, vinc mudam Sromobs, vinc cdilobs
ekonomiurad welSi gaimarTos. yvelasagan gaTelili, yvelasagan dabriyvebuli, yvelaferSi CamorCenili, yvelasagan ybadaRebuli isaa, visac Tavis marjvenis imedi ara aqvs, vinc Tavisi ZalRoniT ar hlamis lelos gatanas cxovrebis moedanze”.
„eTikfinansis” TanamSromlebs sjeraT, rom proeqti,
romelic momavali wlis zafxulamde gagrZeldeba partniorebis evropuli codnisa da gamocdilebis gaziarebiT da sakuTari Zal-RoniT regionebSi maTi grZelvadiani, warmatebuli muSaobis safuZvels Seqmnis.
a(a)ip „eTikfinanss” saqmianobis eqvswliani istoria
aqvs, is 2008 wels daarsda. misi damfuZneblebi da TanamSromlebi germaniidan dabrunebuli axalgazrdebi
arian, romlebmac ganaTleba evropaSi miiRes da surT,
sakuTari codna da gamocdileba qveyanaSi pozitiuri
cvlilebebisTvis gamoiyenon. (www.ethicfinence.net)
statiaSi moxseniebul organizaciaTa linkebi:
hp://www.hermes-oesterreich.at
hp://www.entwicklung.at
<hp://www.consalis.at>
hp://www.oear.at/
<hp://www.cimonline.de>
<hp://www.georgiensbruecke.de>
maia gaCeCilaZe
კვლევა
ìodkazeiniT~ gamdidrebuli funqciuri daniSnulebis
`mawvnis~ bioteqnologiis damuSaveba
msofliom iodis deficitiT gamowveuli daavadebebis winaaRmdeg profilaqtikis da brZolis uzarmazari gamocdileba daagrova: meTodebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia da erT-erT efeqtur RonisZiebad mecxoveleobis produqtebis iodiT gamdidrebis meTodi
iTvleba.
dadgenilia, rom dRe-RameSi
adamiani moixmars 100-200 mkg-mde
iods, xolo mTeli cxovrebis man-
14
Zilze daaxloebiT 3-5 g-s. adamianis organizmSi mikroelement
iodis ukmarisoba iwvevs endemu-
ri Ciyvis ganviTarebas, romelic
Tireoiduli hormonebis sinTezis darRveviT da farisebri jirkvlis funqciis daTrgunviT xasiaTdeba [1]. farisebri jirkvlis
daavadeba gansazRvrul geografiul regionebSi gvxvdeba, sadac
iodis Semcveloba niadagSi, wyalSi da sakveb produqtebSi mniSvneივლისი, 2014
კვლევა
lovnad daqveiTebulia. msoflio
jandacvis organizaciis monacemebiT, msoflioSi aRricxulia
200 milionamde endemuri CiyviT
daavadebuli adamiani. endemuri Ciyvi sakmaod gavrcelebulia
saqarTveloSic, gansakuTrebiT
mTian regionebSi (raWa-leCxumi
da qvemo svaneTi — 60%, mestia —
54%, mTiani aWara — 55% da sxva).
iodis deficitTan erTad Tireoiduli ukmarisobis sixSiris
zrdis mizezebia: ekologiuri
situaciis gauareseba, radiaciuli fonis zrda, qloris Semcveli
wylisa da produqtebis miReba,
aseve strumogenuri produqtebis da nivTierebebis moxmareba
[1]. iodis gansakuTrebuli biologiuri mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom iodi warmoadgens
farisebri jirkvlis hormonebis
molekulaTa Semadgenel nawils:
Tiroqsinis (T4), romelic Seicavs
iodis 4 atoms da triiodTironinis (T3), romlis SemadgenlobaSic
iodis 3 atomia [2]. kvebis sxva ZiriTadi komponentebis ukmarisobisagan gansxvavebiT (cilebi,
cximebi, naxSirwylebi), iodis deficits ara aqvs klinikuri niSniT
swrafi gamoxatvis unari, amis gamo mas uwodeben „farul SimSils“.
ioddeficitiT aris gamowveuli
adamianebSi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis daqveiTeba, permanentuli daRliloba, bavSvis
gonebrivi CamorCena, unayofoba qalebSi, nayofis mocileba,
mkvdradSobadoba,
Tandayolili anomaliebi, yru-munjoba, sielme, jujoba, fsiqomotoruli
darRvevebi da sxva [3]. msoflioSi 43.000.000 adamianSi yovelwliurad iodis naklebobiT ibadeba
100.000 bavSvi Tandayolili kretinizmiT.
ioddeficituri daavadebebis
aRmofxvra warmoadgens gaeros
prioritets adamianis janmrTelobis sferoSi poliomielitis
likvidaciasTan erTad. umravles
qveynebSi, sadac aris endemuri
Ciyvis kerebi, iodiT profilaqtika tardeba kanonmdeblobis mixedviT [4]. iodis mTavar wyaros
warmoadgens sakvebi produqtebi,
romlis wilad modis daaxloebiT
organizmSi miwodebuli saerTo
raodenobis 90%. iodis yvelaze
didi Semcveloba aris zRvis wyalmcenareebSi da TevzebSi. garda
amisa, adamianisaTvis iodis wyarod iTvleba rZe. msoflio jandacvis organizaciis rekomendaciis Tanaxmad msoflioSi gamoiyeneba endemuri Ciyvis iodiT profilaqtikis 4 meTodi: marilis,
puris, karaqis iodireba da iodiani preparatebis miReba. iodis
profilaqtikis ZiriTad meTodad
iTvleba iodizirebuli marilis
moxmareba. masiuri profilaqtika
xorcieldeba sufris marilSi kaliumis iodidis damatebiT. Tumca, xSiria SemTxvevebi iodis danakargisa
marilis transportirebis da Senaxvis
dros. 6 Tvis Semdeg
iodizirebul marils
gamoiyeneben rogorc
Cveulebriv sufris
marils.
SefuTvis
hermetulobis darRveva iwvevs iodis Semcvelobis Semcirebas
marilSi 25-70%-iT.
marilis miReba zogierTi
daavadebis
dros ukunaCvenebia. iodizirebuli marilis yvelaze seriozul
naklad iTvleba mcire raodenobis iodis Semcveli komponentebis
araTanabari ganawileba mTlian
masaSi (25-30 g kaliumis iodidi 1
t marilze). iodkaliumi marils
aZlevs mware gemos, romelsac ver
itanen bavSvebi da orsuli qalebi.
garda amisa, kulinariaSi gamoyenebisas iodizirebuli marili eqvemdebareba Termul damuSavebas,
rac kidev ufro amcirebs iodis
Semcvelobas mza produqtSi [3].
mosaxleobis arasrulyofilad
uzrunvelyofas iodizirebuli
mariliT, iodis swraf Semcirebas marilSi garkveuli drois
gasvlis Semdeg, aseve marilis
SezRudul moxmarebas gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebiT daavadebuli adamianebis mier mivyavarT aucileblobamde gamoviyenoT iodis ukmarisobis dros
brZolis alternatiuli meTodi. iodizirebuli agentis saxiT
Cven migvaCnia gamoviyenoT „iodkazeini“.
„iodkazeini“ — yviTeli feris
fxvnilia, ixsneba wyalSi, pH>7,5,
iodis masuri Semcveloba masSi
Seadgens 7-9%, minarevebis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 0,1%, mZime
metalebisa ki — zdk-s, „iodkazeinis“ qromatografiuli sisufTave Seadgens 99%-ze mets. iodi
imyofeba mtkice kovalentur bmaSi cilis aromatuli mJavebis benzolis rgolTan. qimiuri formulaa: C4265H8345N1903O1221S19I81.
„iodkazeini“ warmoadgens analogs iodis bunebrivi SenaerTisa
rZis cilasTan, romelic mdgradia xangrZlivi Senaxvis mimarT da
warmoadgens erTaderT preparats
dRes, romelsac aqvs unari ar daiSalos maRal temperaturaze. sxva
sakvebi danamatebisagan gansxvavebiT (magaliTad, iodizirebuli
marili), iodizirebuli kazeinis
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom igi aris organuli SenaerTi, romelic gamoricxavs iodis dozis gadaWarbebis SesaZleblobas, Tundac dReRamuri moxmarebis doza gaizardos 1000-jer, rac imiT aixsneba,
rom aminomJavebis narCenebs iodi
CamoexliCeba RviZlis fermentebis moqmedebiT, romelsac RviZli
gamoimuSavebs miT ufro mets, rac
metia organizmSi iodis deficiti.
organizmSi iodis mkveTri ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi rZis cila xels
uwyobs organizmis mier iodkazeinis 100%-iT SeTvisebas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac iodi organizmSi
sakmarisi raodenobiTaa, Warbi
iodizirebuli cila gamodis organizmidan, rac gamoricxavs gadaWarbebis SesaZleblobas da alergiul reaqciebs [5].
15
კვლევა
kvlevis sagans warmoadgenda
biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebiT „iodkazeiniT“ gamdidrebuli
mawvnis bioteqnologiis SemuSaveba. produqts vamzadebdiT Termostatuli wesiT. iodizirebuli
ciliT gamdidrebuli mawoni davamzadeT pasterizebuli normalizebuli rZiT iodizirebuli
cilis „iodkazeinis“ damatebiT
dedoTi Sededebis gziT, risTvisac rZes vacivebdiT (4±20C) da
vinaxavdiT Sualedur avzSi arsebuli normebis dacviT. Semdeg
vukeTebdiT normalizebas cximis mixedviT 3,2% Semcvelobamde. ucximo mSrali narCenis
gazrdis mizniT normalizebul
rZes vumatebdiT ucximo mSral
rZes da simkvrive agvyavda 1,029
g/sm3-mde. normalizebul rZes,
gacxelebuls (43±20C)-mde, vasufTavebdiT
centridanul
rZis mwmendelze, vukeTebdiT
homogenizirebas (15,0±2,5) mpa
wnevis qveS 45-850C temperaturaze. gasufTavebul da homogenizirebul narevs pasterizebas vukeTebdiT (92±20C) temperaturaze 2—8 wuTis dayovnebiT
an (87±20C)-ze 10—15 wuTis dayovnebiT. dayovnebis Semdeg narevs
vacivebdiT Cadedebis temperaturamde (42±450C).
„iodkazeinis“ Sesatanad winaswar vamzadebdiT mis xsnars pasterizebul rZeSi. „iodkazeinis“
xsnaris dasamzadeblad pasterizebul rZeSi Segvqonda „iodkazeini“ (50±600C)-mde gacxelebul rZeSi, angariSiT (5±0,1) g „iodkazeini“
1000 sm3 rZeSi. narevs periodulad
vurevdiT 60-75 wuTis ganmavlobaSi „iodkazeinis“ srul gaxsnam-
de. „iodkazeinis“ momzadebuli
xsnari Segvqonda wvrili WavliT
Sesadedeblad gamzadebul rZeSi, aseptikuri pirobebis dacviT,
angariSiT (2,5±0,1) g „iodkazeini“ 1000 kg mawonze da narevs vurevdiT sarevis saSualebiT. amis
Semdeg Segvqonda normalizebul
rZeSi mawvnis dedo Casadedebeli
rZis 2—3% raodenobiT. Serevas
vamTavrebdiT 15 wT-is ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg vafasoebdiT. dafasoebuli produqti gadagvqonda
Termostatis kameraSi Sesadedeb-
lad. Sededeba grZeldeboda 3—4
sT-is ganmavlobaSi. Sededebis
dasasruls vadgendiT Senadedis
warmoqmniT (75±800T) mJavianobamde. Sededebis damTavrebis Semdeg
dafasoebuli produqti gadagvqonda kamera-macivarSi mosamwifeblad. macivarSi vayovnebdiT
8-12 sT. momwifebis procesis damTavreba niSnavda teqnologiuri
procesis damTavrebas.
organoleptikuri, fizikur-qimiuri da mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT produqti akmayofilebda Semdeg moTxovnebs:
garegnuli SesaxedaobiT da konsistenciiT iyo erTgvarovani, Senadedis darRvevis gareSe; gemo da
suni — rZemJavuri; feri — odnav
m viTalo; cximis masuri wimoy
l 3,2%; mJavianoba (100-1400T);
li
t peratura
tem
realizebisas
0
(
C); iodis masuri koncent(4±2
r
racia 0,2±0,05 mg/kg; fosfataz
zas ar Seicavda; nawlavis Cxiris
b
baqteriebs 0,01 sm3 produqti ar
S
Seicavda; paTogenur mikroorg
ganizmebs, m.S. salmonelebs 25
s
sm3 produqti ar Seicavda; „iodk
kazeinis“ damatebas mJavianobis
w
warmoqmnis procesze da sagem
movno Tvisebebze uaryofiTi
g
gavlena ar mouxdenia.
givi basilaZe,
nikoloz imnaZe, inga basilaZe
saqarTvelos agraruli
universiteti
gamoyenebuli literatura
n. tatiSvili, g. simonia, Sinagani sxeulebi, gamomcemloba „saqarTvelos macne“, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 592.
Вильям М. Кеттайл, Рональд А. Арки, Патофизиология эндокринной системы,
изд.-во «Бином», Москва, 2007, 80.
Спиридонов А.А., Мурашова Е.В., Кислова О.Ф., «Нормы и технологии». Обогащение
йодом продукции животноводства. Санкт-Петербург, 2012, 52.
saqarTvelos prezidentis dadgenileba #466 27.11.2003.
Черняев С.И. Диссертация на соикание ученой степени доктора технических наук.
Разработка научно-практических основ биотехнологии новых функциональных
молочных продуктов. Москва, 2002, 63.
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY OF A FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE
OF THE „MATSONI” ENRICHED BY „IODINE CA SE IN”
G. BASILADZE, N. IMNADZE, I.BASILADZE.
Georgian Agrarian University
Research objecve is the development of biotechnology of „Matsoni“ enriched with biologically acve agent „Iodine Casein“ with
the purpose of eradicaon iodine efficiency in a human body. We made „Matsoni“ enriched with „Iodine Casein“ by normalized, fresh
cow’s milk, adding leaven with thermostac rule. „Iodine Casein“ soluon was introduced to milk with formula of (2,5+0,1) g per 1000
kg of „Matsoni“. „Iodine Casein“ did not have any negave impact on the acidity-generang process. Milk fermentaon process was
in regular mode when making Standard „Matsoni“. Tradional Lacc acid product „Matsoni’s“ organolepc properes have not undergone any changes.
16
ინ ფორმ აცია
ინფორმაცია
kooperativebis saerTaSoriso dRe
kooperativebis saerTaSoriso dResTan dakavSirebiT soflis meurneobis saministros sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis ganviTarebis saagentos organizebiT sazeimo RonisZieba gaimarTa da saqarTvelos masStabiT daregistrirebul
100 subieqts sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativis statusis damadasturebeli mowmobebi sazeimo viTarebaSi gadaecaT.
stumrebs misasalmebeli sityviT mimarTes saqarTvelos premier-ministrma irakli RaribaSvilma da
soflis meurneobis ministrma Salva fifiam. RonisZiebas saqarTvelos parlamentis agrarul sakiTxTa
komitetis Tavmjdomare gigla agulaSvili, saqarTvelos mTavrobis wevrebi da parlamentis warmomadgenlebi, sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis wevrebi, ENPARD - programis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciebis, soflis meurneobis saministros, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da diplomatiuri korpusis
warmomadgenlebi eswrebodnen.
saqarTvelos premier-ministrma Tavis gamosvlaSi
yuradReba gaamaxvila im politikur da ekonomikur
gamowvevebze, romlis winaSec saqarTvelo evrokav-
SirTan asocirebis SeTanxmebaze xelmoweris Semdeg dadga. rogorc premierma aRniSna, am gamowvevis
mniSvnelovani wili agrarul seqtorze modis. sasoflo-sameurneo kooperacia agraruli politikis
erT-erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa, romelmac soflad
siRaribis daZlevasa da fermerTa Zlieri fenis Camoyalibebas unda Seuwyos xeli.
Salva fifiam sityviT gamosvlisas xazi gausva kooperaciis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisTvis. man aRniSna, rom msoflios
yvela ganviTarebulma qveyanam es gza gaiara imisaTvis, rom warmatebebisaTvis mieRwia soflis meurneobaSi. kooperativi, sadac gaerTianebulia adamianuri, finansuri, materialur resursi da konsolidirebulia fragmentirebuli miwebi, fermerebs,
glexebs da mewarmeebs saSualebas aZlevs warmoebis
maRali standarti da axali Tanamedrove teqnologiebi danergon. maTTvis gamartivebulia finansur
institutebTan urTierToba da Sedegad warmoebuli
xarisxiani produqcia konkurentunariania rogorc
adgilobriv, ise saerTaSoriso bazrebze.
RonisZiebis farglebSi sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis ganviTarebis saagentos Tavmjdomarem
giorgi miSelaZem da Sps „meqanizatoris“ generalurma direqtorma zviad CxaiZem xeli moaweres urTierTTanamSromlobis memorandums, romlis mixedviTac
statusis mqone sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebi
Sps „meqanizatoris“ momsaxurebas SeRavaTiani pirobebiT miiReben.
ass
17
საქ ართვ ელ ოს მთავრობა
საქართველოს
ucxo e leb ze mi we bis ga yid vas Tan
da kav Si re biT axa li re gu la ci e bi
amoq med de ba
ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebze miwebis gasxvisebasTan dakavSirebiT axali regulaciebi amoqmeddeba.
rogorc saqarTvelos iusticiis ministrma Tea wulukianma
Jurnalistebs ganucxada, mas Semdeg, rac sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiRo zedapiruli, gaumarTavi gadawyvetileba, rom moexsna
mTavrobis akrZalva ucxoelebze
SeeZinaT saqarTveloSi sasoflosameurneo miwebi, pirvel ianvramde mTavrobas muSaobisTvis dro
waerTva.
Tea wulukianis TqmiT, miwis
uwyebaTaSorisi sabWo, romelic
am sakiTxze muSaobda, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sedegad caitnotSi aRmoCnda. aqedan gamomdinare, Tea
wulukianma, rogorc sabWos Tavmjdomarem, riggareSe sagangebo
sxdoma moiwvia, sadac ganixilaven
momaval samoqmedo gegmas.
„SevTanxmdiT imaze, rom saqarTveloSi swori agraruli politikis Camoyalibebis mizniT,
romelic evrokavSiris agrarul
politikasTan iqneba SesabamisobaSi, Cven gvWirdeba regulaciebi. SevTanxmdiT imaze, rom, magaliTad, ucxoeTSi dafuZnebuli
iuridiuli pirebi momavalSic
ver SeiZenen saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo
kategoriis
miwas. Tuki ucxoels dasWirdeba,
rom SeiZinos saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo miwa, man aq unda daaarsos iuridiuli piri. mas
unda hqondes mkacrad gawerili
sainvesticio gegma da dargobriv saministroebs da mTavrobasac unda SeuTanxmos is sainvesticio saqmianoba, romelsac
apirebs. CvenTvis mTavaria, in-
vesticiebs xeli Seewyos, rom is
meqanizmi, romelsac Cven parlaments SevTavazebT, iyos maqsimalurad moqnili“, — ganacxada Tea
wulukianma.
amasTan, mimdinareobs msjeloba
imazec, Tu ra reJims SeiZleba daeqvemdebaron ucxoelebi, romlebic Camodian saqarTveloSi mxolod imitom, rom sakuTari mravalSviliani ojaxebi gamokvebon
qarTuli miwis damuSavebiT.
rogorc wulukianma aRniSna,
am reJimze axla midis msjeloba.
dRis bolomde Camoyalibdeba ZiriTadi principebi, romelsac Semdeg iusticiis saministro aqcevs
kanonproeqtad. ministris ganmartebiT, amis Semdeg, momdevno ori
kviris ganmavlobaSi isini warsdgebian jer mTavrobis sxdomaze,
xolo Semdeg parlamentSi gaitanen am kanonproeqts.
აწა რმოე საქა
აწარმოე
საქართველოში
რთ ველო ში
ekonomikis gamococxlebis unikaluri Sansi
„awarmoe saqarTveloSi“ — ase hqvia proeqts,
romelsac saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi
ganviTarebisa da soflis meurneobis saministroebi erToblivad anxorcieleben. axali proeqtis
ganxorcieleba 1 ivnisidan daiwyo. misi mizania
axali sawarmoebis Seqmnis xelSewyoba da soflis
meurneobis mimarTulebebis ganviTareba.
soflis meurneobis seqtoris ganviTareba kvlav
saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erT gamowvevad rCeba.
18
dargs, romelSic oficialuri statistikis mixedviT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 50 %-ia dasaqmebuli,
mTlian Sida produqtSi (mSp) mxolod 9-10 % wili
Seaqvs, xolo soflis meurneobis gadamamuSavebel
sawarmoTa wili mTlian mSp-Si daaxloebiT 4 % Seadgens. swored amitom saqarTvelos rogorc wina, ise
amJamindeli xelisufleba cdilobda da cdilobs
sxvadasxva proeqtebiT dargis gamococxlebas.
samTavrobo programis „awarmoe saqarTveloSi“,
romelic 1 ivnisidan amoqmedda, iniciatori saqarTივლისი, 2014
აწარმოე საქართველ
ოში
velos mTavrobaa. kerZod, iniciativa premierma irakli RaribaSvilma gamoiCina. programa miznad isaxavs
adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebas, mewarme-subieqtebis mxardaWeras, axali sawarmoebis Seqmnis xelSewyobas, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas da kerZo
seqtoris konkurentunarianobisa da saeqsporto
potencialis zrdas finansebze, uZrav qonebasa da
Tanamedrove teqnologiebze xelmisawvdomobisa da
sakonsultacio momsaxurebis saSualebiT. fokusi
iqneba ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebul regionebze.
programis koordinacias axorcieleben saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebisa da soflis meurneobis saministroebi. programis ganxorcielebis procesSi aseve CarTulia mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagento, saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli
saagento, inovaciebisa da teqnologiebis saagento,
soflis meurneobis proeqtebis marTvis saagento da
saqarTveloSi moqmedi TiTqmis yvela komerciuli
banki.
programis beneficiari SeiZleba iyos „mewarmeTa
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi registrirebuli fizikuri an iuridiuli piri,
sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativi, garda saxelmwifosa da TviTmmarTveli erTeulis mier wilobrivi
monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmoebisa.
programa moicavs sam komponents: I komponenti
— finansebze xelmisawvdomoba; II komponenti — infrastruqturaze (uZravi qoneba) xelmisawvdomoba; III
komponenti — sakonsultacio momsaxureba. programis farglebSi komponentebi mewarme subieqtebisTvis xelmisawvdomia erTdroulad. amasTanave, mesame
komponenti, kerZod sakonsultacio momsaxureba,
mxolod xelmisawvdomia pirvel an meore komponentTan erTad. programis mimarTulebebis gansazRvra
moxda mTavrobis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze, romelic iTvaliswinebda monacemTa analizs,
mewarmeebis gamokiTxvas da eqspertebis CarTulobas.
programis biujeti 46 mln. laria. aqedan sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba-gadamuSavebaze daixarjeba 30 mln. lari, industriuli produqciis warmoebaze ki — 16 mln lari. prioritetuli
dargebia gamoyofili rogorc industriul, aseve
sasoflo-sameurneo sferoSi, romlis SeRavaTiani pirobebiT dafinanseba da sxva mxriv mxardaWera
ganxorcieldeba. proeqti gulisxmobs mxolod axali sawarmoebis Seqmnis xelSewyobas, romlebic unda
moqmedebdnen srul industriul sferoSi, rogoric
aris qaRaldisa da muyaos warmoeba, maT Soris SesafuTi masalebi; samSeneblo masalebis warmoeba, maT
Soris keramikuli filebi, marmarilo, graniti da
sxva bunebrivi qvebi; safeiqro warmoeba, maT Soris
tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, qsovili, narTi (Sali, abreSumi); qimiuri warmoeba, maT Soris zedapirulad
aqtiuri saSualebebi; xis gadamuSaveba, maT Soris saofise aveji, mdf, dsp; eleqtromowyobilobebis warmoeba, maT Soris sayofacxovrebo eleqtrosaqoneli;
farmacevtuli warmoeba, maT Soris sadiagnostiko
saSualebebi; manqanaTmSenebloba, maT Soris saTadarigo nawilebi; rezinisa da plastmasis warmoeba, maT
Soris milebi, milakebi, Rru profilebi, tara, sakancelario nawarmi; liTonis mza nawarmi, maT Soris
rkina-kaveuli, samzareulo nakeTobani. rac Seexeba
soflis meurneobas, am nawilSi prioritetul mimarTulebad gansazRvrulia Semdegi dargebi: mexileoba-mebostneoba, maRalteqnologiuri sasaTbure
meurneobebis ganviTareba, mesaqonleobis fermebi,
mefrinveleobis fabrikebi, matylisa da tyavis damuSaveba, dafnis, Caisa da Tambaqos moyvana-gadamuSaveba, kaklis, Txilisa da sxva kaklovanebis moyvanagadamuSaveba; xilis, kenkrovanebis, bostneulisa da
citrusis gadamuSaveba. programis farglebSi ar dafinansdeba Semdegi saxis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, rogoricaa: meRvineoba (Rvinis warmoeba), spirtisa da alkoholiani sasmelebis warmoeba, radgan
es dargebi SedarebiT kargad ganviTarebuli dargia
da sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis did nawils Seadgens. aRniSnuli programa iTvaliswinebs CamoTvlili mimarTulebebis xelSewyobas. Tumca, uaxloes momavalSi daigegmeba sxva meqanizmebi, romelsac
programis farglebSi sxva beneficiarebi eyoleba.
investorebs, garkveuli pirobebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, simbolur fasad, 1 larad, gadaecemaT saqarTvelos masStabiT saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli amortizebuli Senoba-nagebobebi.
qonebis marTvis saagentos mier winaswar Sedgenil
obieqtTa siaSi sul 94 obieqtia, aqedan 33 TbilisSi,
danarCeni 61 regionebSi. TbilisSi arsebul obieqtTa saerTo farTobi 300 000 kvadratul metrze metia,
saerTo RirebulebiT ki 17 milion lars uaxlovdeba,
saSualo fasiT 98 l/kv.m. regionebSi arsebul obieqtTa (rusTavis da samcxe-javaxeTis gamoklebiT, sadac obieqtebze sabazro fasi ar aris miTiTebuli)
saerTo farTobi 1 300 000 kv.m-s aRemateba, saerTo
fasi 9 300 000 lars, saSualo fasiT 7 l/kv.m-ze. regionebSi arsebul obieqtTa misaRebad investorma
unda ganaxorcielos arsebuli uZravi qonebis Rire-
19
აწარმოე სა
ქართველო ში
bulebis fasze minimum 4-jer didi investicia, TbilisSi arsebuli obieqtebisaTvis ki 6-jer meti da es
uZravi qoneba unda gamoiyenos samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom uZravi qonebis sabazro
Rirebuleba programiT gaTvaliswinebul 46 milion
larSi ar Sedis. 46 milioni lari mxolod finansuri
komponentisTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli. saxelmwifo daexmareba investorebs Sesabamisi teqnikuri
saSualebebis moZiebaSi, Sesyidvasa da sawarmoebis
marTvaSi. proeqts moemsaxurebian arsebuli kadrebi da saxelmwifos mxridan axali kadrebis daqiraveba saWiro ar iqneba. saagentos proeqtis menejerebi
moaxdenen axali sawarmoebis portfolios marTvasa
da monitorings. infrastruqturaze xelmisawvdomobis komponents moemsaxureba qonebis marTvis saagento. sakonsultacio momsaxurebas gasweven kerZo
kompaniebi.
proeqti geografiulad SezRuduli ar aris. nebismier raionSi SeiZleba, Seiqmnas sawarmo, TbilisSi an
sxva regionSi, romelime konkretuli regionis ganviTarebisTvis saxsrebSi ar aris gamoyofili.
mrewvelobis mimarTulebaSi sesxis Tanadafinansebis moculoba unda iyos 150 000-2 000 000 aSS dolaris farglebSi. Tanadafinansebuli sesxis moculobis aranakleb 80% gankuTvnili unda iyos ZiriTadi
saSualebebis SesaZenad. rac Seexeba soflis meurneobis mimarTulebas, Tanadafinansebuli sesxis
moculoba unda iyos 600 000-2 000 000 aSS dolaris
farglebSi. gacemuli sesxebis vada ar unda aRematebodes 84 Tves. am SemTxvevaSic saprocento ganakveTis Tanadafinanseba Seadgens 10%-s. orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo Tanadafinanseba xdeba pirveli 24
Tvis ganmavlobaSi. programiT gaTvaliswinebulia
sesxis Semdegi saprocento ganakveTebi pirveli 24
Tvis ganmavlobaSi: 600 000 aSS dolaridan 1 000 000
aSS dolaris CaTvliT — araumetes 12%; 1 000 000 aSS
dolaridan 2 000 000 aSS dolaris CaTvliT — araumetes 11%. saagento ganaxorcielebs saprocento sargeblis Tanadafinansebas wliuri 10%-is odenobiT,
sesxis gacemidan mxolod 24 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
procesi iwyeba bankSi misvliT. mewarme kreditze
gaakeTebs ganacxads, banki daamuSavebs Sesul sakredito sabuTebs. beneficiari valdebulia daicvas
sesxisa da sainvesticio proeqtiT gansazRvruli
20
miznobrioba, SeinarCunos dafinansebuli sawarmos
profili, Seasrulos proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli
sawarmoo gegmis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi.
programaSi monawileobis msurveli mewarme-subieqti, finansebze xelmisawvdomobis komponentis
farglebSi, mimarTavs komerciul banks. komerciuli
bankis mier, am programiT da mis mier gansazRvruli
kriteriumebis mixedviT xdeba kreditis damtkiceba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu beneficiari sawarmos proeqts
warmoadgens, is unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: dafinansebuli sesxiT aucileblad unda Seiqmnas mxolod axali sawarmo 24 Tvis vadaSi; uzrunvelyos axali sawarmos amoqmedebidan 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebis profilis SenarCuneba da biznesgegmiT
(proeqtiT) gansazRvruli moculobis warmoeba Semdegi pirobebiT: warmoebis dawyebidan pirveli wlis
ganmavlobaSi — warmoebis gansazRvruli wliuri moculobis aranakleb 25%-is warmoeba; xolo meore
wlis ganmavlobaSi — warmoebis gansazRvruli wliuri moculobis aranakleb 50%-is warmoeba.
sawarmo unda akmayofilebdes saqarTvelos kanonebiT gansazRvrul usafrTxoebis da garemosdacviT moTxovnebs. rac Seexeba soflis meurneobis
mimarTulebas, zemoT aRniSnul moTxovnebs aseve
emateba sanitaruli da sursaTis uvneblobis standartebis dacva.
damatebiT monitorings, maT Soris savele monitorings axorcielebs mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagento da a(a)ip „soflis meurneobis proeqtebis marTvis
saagento“.
uZravi qonebis gadacemiT dainteresebulma mewarmem ki unda mimarTos ssip — saxelmwifo qonebis erovnul saagentos. programis beneficiars, am programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos mTavrobis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi aqtis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT,
Sesabamisi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis pirobiT, sakuTrebaSi gadaecema uZravi qoneba. programis farglebSi beneficiarebs saSualeba eqnebaT isargeblon
miznobrivi sakonsultacio daxmarebiT. kerZod, isini
uzrunvelyofilni iqnebian marketingis, gayidvebis
da biznesis dagegmarebis treningebiT; saeqsporto
bazrebis moZiebiT. aseve miiReben daxmarebas samewarmeo unarebis, warmoebaSi xarisxis menejmentis da sxva
Sesabamisi standartebis danergvis procesSi, ucxouri da qarTuli inovaciebis da teqnologiebis moZiebaSi. programis beneficiarebi isargebleben cxeli
xaziTa da momsaxurebis centriT, romelic ganTavsdeba saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros SenobaSi. aRniSnuli komponentis
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
beneficiari ukve sargeblobs programis finansuri
an infrastruqturuli komponentiT.
„awarmoe saqarTveloSi“ — programis Sesaxeb detaluri informacia ganTavsebulia vebgverdze: www.
qartuli.ge.
programasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis misaRebad dainteresebul pirebs SeuZliaT darekon cxeli
xazis nomrebze: 2 99 10 44/2 99 11 28 (ekonomikisa da
აწარმოე საქართველ
ოში
mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro); 2 47 01 01 (soflis meurneobis proeqtebis marTvis saagento).
P.S. 26 ivnisis mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos mTavrobam programis farglebSi sami proeqti daamtkica, rac imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi uaxloes
momavalSi sami axali sawarmo Seiqmneba. TbilisSi,
aRmaSeneblis xeivanSi qaRaldisa da aramoqsovili
masalisgan SesafuTi da erTjeradi moxmarebis produqciis sawarmo aSendeba, saprivatizebo pirobebis
Sesrulebis mizniT gansaxorcielebeli investiciis
moculoba aranakleb 1 416 000 laria; goris municipalitetis sofel karaleTSi ki xilis, kenkrovnebis
da bostneulis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo aSendeba.
saprivatizebo pirobebis Sesrulebis mizniT aranakleb 332 000 laris investicia unda ganxorcieldes.
TbilisSi, orxevis dasaxlebaSi plastmasis mwarmoebeli sawarmo aSendeba. saprivatizebo pirobebis Sesrulebis mizniT aranakleb 2 622 000 laris investicia unda ganxorcieldes.
merab qvarcxava,
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros
martvilis municipalitetis sainformaciosakonsultacio samsaxuris ufrosi,
agroinJineriis doqtori
giorgi xargelia,
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros
senakis municipalitetis sainformaciosakonsultacio samsaxuris ufrosi,
akademiuri doqtori
აგრო ტე ქ ნოლ ოგ იებ ი
აგროტექნოლოგიები
viwyebT saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis mier momzadebul
„sakvebi kulturebis agrowesebis“ gamoqveynebas. agrowesebis axali gamocema moamzades: saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosma, soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma g. caguriSvilma da soflis meurneobis
akademiurma doqtorebma q. niaurma da n. Jvaniam.
gamocemis redaqtoria saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrkorespondenti, teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori elguja SafaqiZe.
sakvebi kulturebis
movla-moyvanis agrowesebi
soflis meurneobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dargis - mecxoveleobis
ganviTarebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mindvris sakvebwarmoebis moculobis gadidebas da misi xarisxis gaumjobesebas.
am problematuri sakiTxis ganxorcielebisaTvis udidesi RonisZiebaa saqarTvelos bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebisaTvis uxvmosavliani sakvebi kulturebis SerCeva-gadaadgileba da maTi Tesva-moyvanis teqnologiis dacva.
Cveni qveynis gansxvavebul regionebSi Catarebulma mravalmxrivma gamokvlevebma da warmoebis pirobebSi SedarebiTi gamocdebis
Sedegebma araerTxel daadastura, rom saqarTveloSi agroteqnikur RonisZiebaTa sworad gamoyenebis gziT sakvebi kulturebis saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianoba SeiZleba 3-4-jer gaizardos.
SemoTavazebul agrowesebSi mocemuli Tanmimdevruli agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis Tanmimdevrobis ganuxreli dacva am miznis
miRwevis mtkice garantias iZleva.
mravalwlovani balaxebi
mravalwlovan balaxebs mindvrad sakvebwarmoebis gadidebisa
da misi xarisxis gaumjobesebis
saqmeSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs. pirutyvis sakvebad misi gamoyenebis forma mravalgvaria:
mwvane sakvebad, Tivad, maRali xarisxis senaJis da silosis dasamzadeblad, saZovrad da sxva. gaივლისი, 2014
nuzomlad didia maTi roli aseve
niadagis struqturis aRdgenisa
da misi nayofierebis amaRlebis
TvalsazrisiT. metad sayuradRebo da TiTqmis Seucvlelia maTi
mniSvneloba aseve niadagis wylismieri da qarismieri eroziisagan
dacvis saqmeSi.
mravalwlovani balaxebi umjobesia daiTesos balaxnarevis sa-
xiT, dasaSvebia maTi Tesva aseve
sufTa saxiTac;
mravalwlovani balaxebi iTeseba martivi da rTuli balaxnarevis
saxiT. martivi balaxnarevebi unda
Sedgebodes ori biologiuri jgufis — parkosani da meCxerbuCqiani
balaxebisagan; rTuli balaxnarevi Sedgeba sami biologiuri jgufisagan: parkosani, meCxerbuCqiani da fesuriani balaxebisagan;
moklevadiani saTib-saZovrebis
mosawyobad balaxnarevi martivi
unda iyos, xolo grZelvadiani saTib-saZovrebisaTvis da eroziis
sawinaaRmdego
daniSnulebisaTvis — rTuli. martiv balaxnarevSi
dasaSvebia erTi parkosani da erTi
meCxerbuCqiani marcvlovani an ori
meCxerbuCqiani da erTi parkosani
komponenti an piriqiT. rTuli balaxnarevi unda Sedgebodes sami da
meti komponentisagan. masSi unda
iyos maRalmozardi — saTibad da
dabalmozardi — saZovrad vargisi;
21
აგრო ტე ქ ნოლ ოგიე ბი
mravalwlovan
mr
ni b
balax
xeb
bis
s Tes
sva
saqarTvelos bunebriv-klimatur
pirobebSi unda warmoebdes Semdegi daraionebis mixedviT:
mindvrad Teslbrunvisa da moklevadiani saTib-saZovrebisaTvis:
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sarwyavSi da dasavleT saqarTvelos
aluviur da karbonatul niadagebze zRvis donidan 600-800 m-is
simaRlemde — lurji ionja, samyura, mravalsaTibi koindari, saTiTuri an maTi narevebi;
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos urwyav dablobebsa da vakeze — lurji ionja, mravalsaTibi koindari,
saTiTura an maTi narevi;
g) mTis mdelosa da velebze,
tramalebze da tye-velebze zRvis
donidan 600-800 metris zeviT
yvelgan ukarbonato niadagebis
garda ionja, esparceti, samyura,
mdelos timoTela, saTiTura an
maTi narevebi;
dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobis wiTel da yviTel miwebze, ewer
da gaewerebul niadagebze — samyura, kurdRlis frCxila, saZovris
koindari, mravalsaTibi koindari
an maTi narevebi.
grZelvadiani saTib-saZovrebisaTvis:
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sarwyavebSi da dasavleT saqarTvelos aluviur da karbonatul niadagebze zRvis donidan 600-800
m-is simaRlemde — lurji ionja,
TeTri samyura, saZovris koindari, saTiTura, mdelos wivana narevebSi;
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos urwyav dablobebsa da vakeze, iq sadac axloa gruntis wylebi — lur-
22
nja, es
sp
rceti, sa
s TiTura,
r
ji ion
par
ufxo Svriela narevebSi;
g) tyis sartylis yomral, gaewerebul da tyis yavisfer niadagebze — wiTeli an vardisferi samyura, kurdRlis frCxila, mdelos
timoTela an saTiTura narevebSi;
d) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mSrali raionebis mTis kalTebis
da qedebis Camorecxil xirxatian
niadagebze — kurdRlis frCxila,
TeTri samyura, ufxo Svriela narevebSi an esparceti da yviTeli
ionja da ufxo Svriela narevebSi;
aRniSnuli
balaxnarevebidan,
romelime komponentis Teslis
uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia misi amoReba an Secvla im pirobiT, rom balaxnarevSi darCes
erT-erTi warmomadgeneli im biologiuri jgufisa, romelsac is
ekuTvnis.
mravalwlovani balaxebi Cveulebriv ori an meti wlis sargeblobiT iTeseba, magram tenian da
sarwyav raionebSi, sadac mravalwlovani balaxebi erT weliwadSi
orsa da met gaTibvas iZleva, SeiZleba erTi wliTac daiTesos.
mravalwlovani balaxebis msgavsad, romelic grZeli vadiT saTib-saZovrebad iTeseba, balaxnarevi parkosani, meCxerbuCqiani da
fesuriani marcvlovani balaxisagan unda iqnas Sedgenili.
niadagis damuSaveba
winamorbedi kulturebis aRebisTanave nakveTi unda gaiwmindos
mcenareuli narCenebisagan da moixnas winmxvneliani guTniT 22-25
sm siRrmeze. Tu niadagis nayofieri fena mcirea, maSin xvnis siRrme
Sesabamisad unda Semcirdes.
gazafxulze Tesvis pirobebSi
SemodgomiT moxnuli niadagi rCeba mzralad adre gazafxulamde.
adre gazafxulze tenis SenarCunebis mizniT niadagi unda daifarcxos xnulis gardigardmo
mimarTulebiT. Tesvamde 3-4 dRiT
adre tardeba niadagis kultivacia-dafarcxva. Tu niadagis zedapiri zedmetad fxvieria, kultivacia-dafarcxvis Semdeg saWiroa
misi motkepvna sagoravebiT. Tu
Tesvamde nakveTs sarevelebi moeria, saWiroa Catardes kultivacia 6-8 sm siRrmeze da TanmimdevrobiT daifarcxos.
TavTaviani pureulis Semdeg
gvian zafxulSi da adre SemodgomiT Tesvisas am winamorbedis
dros moxnuli niadagi Tu beltiania, unda daifarcxos saWiroebis
mixedviT diskoebiani farcxiT
beltebis srul daSlamde.
niadagis uswormasworo zedapiri, rac iwvevs Cavardnil adgilebSi wylis Cadgomas, gansakuTrebiT sarwyavebSi, erT-erTi
mTvari mizezTagania mravalwlovani balaxebis cudi aRmocenebisa da simeCxerisa, amitom nakveTis
zedapiris mosworeba-moSandakeba
aucilebel RonisZiebas warmoadgens.
niadagis ganoyiereba
balaxebisaTvis umjobesia ZiriTadi sasuqebi Setanili iqnes winamorbedi kulturis qveS, magram
maTi Setana uSualod balaxebis
qveSac SeiZleba. balaxebis ganoyiereba unda warmoebdes kartogramebis mixedviT. iq, sadac kartogramebi ar aris, organuli da
mineraluri sasuqebi ZiriTadi
xvnis dros unda iqnes Setanili,
heqtarze Semdegi raodenobiT: 20
t nakeli, 2-3 centneri superfosfati da 0,5-1,0 centneri kaliumis
marili. Tu wina wlebSi nakveTi ar
iyo ganoyierebuli, maSin 20 t nakels daemateba 3-4 centneri superfosfati da 1-2 centneri kaliumis marili. nakelis naklebobisas marto mineraluri sasuqebic Seitaneba, am SemTxvevaSi aiReba 4-5 centneri superfosfati,
1,5-2,0 centneri kaliumis marili
da aRniSnul sasuqebs unda daematos azoti, umTavresad amoniumis
sulfatis saxiT. magram Tu marto
აგროტე ქნ ოლოგიე ბი
mravalwlovani balaxebis mineraluri sasuqebiT gamokveba niadagis tipebis mixedviT c/ha
cxrili 1.
eweri tipis niadagebze
naTesebis dasaxeleba
parkosnebis sufTa naTesi
wabla da yavisfer niadagebze aluviur (danaleq niadagebze)
sulfat- super- kaliumis sulfat- super- kaliumis sulfat- super- kaliumis
amoniumi fosfati marili amoniumi fosfati marili amoniumi fosfati marili
_
2,50
0,75
_
1,50
marcvlovnebis sufTa naTesi
1,50
2,50
1,00
2,00
1,25
martivi balaxnarevebi
0,50
2,50
1,50
0,50
1,50
rTuli balaxnarevebi
0,51
2,50
1,00
0,50
2,00
0,50
parkosnebi iTeseba, am sasuqebis
damateba saWiro aRar iqneba;
mJave niadagebze, rogoricaa
eweri da gaewerebuli niadagebi,
savaldebuloa kiris Setana. ZiriTadi xvnis dros Seitaneba 1 ha-ze:
kiri 5-6 tona an defekaciuri talaxi 8-10 tona, an 20-30 tona tkili. mineraluri sasuqebidan
fosforitis fqvili Seicavs
kirs, amitom am sasuqebis gamoyenebas ewer niadagebze upiratesoba unda mieniWos;
garda ZiriTadi sasuqebisa,
romlebic Seitaneba ZiriTadi
xvnis dros, an Setanili iyo winamorbedi kulturebisaTvis,
saWiroa balaxebis naTesebis
gamokveba mineraluri da organuli sasuqebiT. mineraluri sasuqebiT gamokvebas metad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mravalwlovani balaxebis mosavlis
gadidebisaTvis. wesierad da
droulad Catarebuli gamokveba xels uwyobs susti aRmonacenis gaZlierebas da naTesebis ukeT
gamozamTrebas. naTesebi naklebad
ziandeba mavneblebisa da avadmyofobebisagan.
saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli
niadagebis ZiriTadi tipebis mixedviT balaxebis gamosakvebad Se-
iZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes sasuqebis Semdegi dozebi centnerobiT
heqtarze ( cxrili 1).
SeniSvna: amoniumis gvarjiliT
gamokvebis SemTxvevaSi doza 1`3iT mcirdeba. es dozebi miaxloebiTia da yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Secvlili iqnes
adgilobrivi pirobebis mixedviT.
Tu balaxebis Tesvamde ZiriTadi
sasuqebi Setanili ar yofila, saWiroa aRniSnuli normebis 10-20
procentiT gazrda.
mravalwlovani balaxebis naTesebis gamokveba sasurvelia Catardes
gaTibvis Semdeg, amitom aRniSnu-
0,50
_
2,00
0,50
0,75
1,50
2,00
0,50
0,50
0,50
1,50
0,50
0,50
2,00
0,50
li sasuqebis dozebi iyofa imden
nawilad, ramdenjerac balaxebi
iqneba gaTibuli. Tu balaxebi 4-5jer iTibeba, maSin sasuqebi marto
pirveli da mesame gaTibvis Semdeg
Seitaneba; Tu balaxi erTxel iTibeba, maSin gamokveba orjer tardeba — gaTibvis Semdeg da Semodgomaze. Setanis win sasuqebi kargad
u da daqucmacdes, erTmaneTun
S airios da Tanabrad mimoiSi
f tos mindorze. narevi unfan
d momzaddes im raodenobiT,
da
r denic Seitaneba erT dReSi.
ram
a
amis
Semdeg naTesi kargad unda
d ifarcxos mwkrivebis gardida
g dmo da Tu mosarwyavia, daugar
y nebliv moirwyas. aseve xdeyov
b im SemTxvevaSic, roca naTesi
ba
s Zovrad gamoiyeneba, mxolod
sa
s suqebis Setanidan pirutyvis
sa
n veTze ganmeorebiT Zovebamnak
d 3-4 kviraze naklebi dro ar
dis
u da darCes.
un
gamokveba tardeba balaxebis
gaTibvisTanave, wamozrdis dawyebamde, amitom mosavlis gamozidva nakveTidan dauyovnebliv unda
moxdes. Tu gamokveba saWiroa adre
gazafxulze, maSin sasuqebis CakeTeba Zvel naTesebSi saWiroa msubuqi farcxiT, xolo axali aRmonaceni daufarcxavad unda darCes.
SOS!
zinobianSi karantinia gamocxadebuli
yvarlis municipalitetis sofel zinobianSi
orTviani karantini gamocxadda. sofelSi saqonlis cofis SemTxveva dafiqsirda. virusis
matarebeli xbo aRmoCnda.
akrZalulia saqonlis gadaadgileba da produqciis realizacia. sursaTis erovnuli saaივლისი, 2014
gento zinobianSi cxovelebis sadgomebs specialuri xsnariT amuSavebs, dawyebulia vaqcinaciac.
adgilobrivebi cofis virusis gavrcelebas
gareul cxovels ukavSireben. maTi TqmiT, mglis
da turis sofelSi gamoCena xSiri SemTxvevaa.
23
აქტუ ალუ რი თ
აქტუალური
თემა
ემა
sak veb war mo e bis dar gis gan vi Ta re ba
ren ta be lu ri mecxo ve le o bis sa fuZ ve lia
„pirutyvze fiqrisas arasodes ar unda daviviwyoT balaxis moTxovnebi. balaxebis kvlevisas Cven yovelTvismxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes pirutyvis moTxovnebi” _ safrangeTis veterinaruli kolejis pedagogis, cnobili mdelosanis da fermeris a. vuazienis sityvebi
saqarTvelos mravalprofilian soflis meurneobis dargebs
Soris mecxoveleobas erT-erTi
wamyvani da umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravs. igi soflis meurneobis uZvelesi da tradiciuli
dargia, romelic istoriulad
sargeblobda qveynis mosaxleobis yuradRebiT da yovelTvis iyo
xalxis interesebis centrSi. es
dasturdeba mravali istoriuli,
arqeologiuri, eTnografiuli,
kraniologiuri da sxva monacemebiT. amasve mowmobs aseve xalxuri
seleqciis Sedegad Seqmnili sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelisa da
frinvelis mravali adgilobrivi,
maT Soris endemuri jiSi, romelTa didi nawili, sabednierod, SemorCa dRevandelobas (TuSuri da
imeruli cxvari, mTis saqoneli,
m.S. xevsuruli Zroxa, megruli wiTeli saqoneli, megruli, TuSuri
da javaxuri cxeni, kaxuri Rori,
qarTuli ruxi futkari, megruli Txa, qaTmis, indauris, batis
mravali populacia da sxv.). faqtobrivad ar aris sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelis saqarTveloSi moSenebuli arc erTi saxeoba,
romelic ar iyos warmodgenili
erTi an ramdenime adgilobrivi
jiSiT. yvela es jiSi kargad iyo
Seguebuli maTi Camoyalibebis da
Semdgom periodSi arsebul bunebriv-ekonomikur pirobebs, xasiaTdeba produqciis (rZis, xorcis,
Taflis da a.S.) maRali xarisxiT,
ekologiuri sisufTaviT, eqstremaluri faqtorebisadmi gamZleobiT, ar aris momTxovni Senaxvis,
movlisa da kvebis pirobebisaTvis da sxv. xazgasasmelia agreTve
maTi mniSvnelovani roli axali
jiSebis Seqmnisa da arsebulis ga-
24
umjobesebis mizniT mimdinare da
momavalSi gasaTvaliswinebel saseleqcio muSaobaSi.
mecxoveleobis
ganviTarebis
mTavar winapirobas, masSi Semavali yvela qvedargis maRali rentabelobis safuZvels warmoadgens
saWiro raodenobiT, saTanado xarisxis da iafi sakvebis warmoeba,
romelsac emsaxureba soflis meurneobis erT-erTi msxvili dargi da sasoflo-sameurneo ekonomikis urTulesi seqtori sakvebwarmoeba.
saqarTvelos mecxoveleobisaTvis saWiro sakvebi baza ori ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilisagan
Sedgeba: mindvrad sakvebwarmoeba,
e.i. sakvebis warmoeba saxnav miwebze da mdeloTa sakvebwarmoeba e.i.
sakvebis warmoeba bunebriv saTibebze da saZovrebze. amas garda
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi soflis
meurneobisa da mrewvelobis sxvadasxva anarCenis gamoyeneba cxovelis sakvebad da, rac mTavaria,
kombinirebuli sakvebis mrewveloba, romlis daniSnulebaa sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelis ZiriTadi asakobrivi da sqesobrivi jgufebisaTvis saTanado receptebis
mixedviT kombinirebuli sakvebis
damzadeba.
sakvebwarmoeba, rogorc organizaciul-sameurneo RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, aerTianebs sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da
frinvelebisaTvis
aucilebeli
sxvadasxva sakvebi saSualebebis
warmoebisaTvis sakvebi kulturebis movla-moyvanas saxnav miwebze
(mindvrad sakvebwarmoeba) da saZovruli, mwvane da uxeSi sakvebis
miRebas bunebriv sakveb savargulebze (mdeloTa sakvebwarmoeba).
sakvebis warmoeba bunebriv da
naTes saTib-saZovrebze moicavs
sxvadasxva sakvebis — saZovruli
sakvebis, Tivis, mwvane sakvebis, silosis, senaJis, balaxis fqvilis
dasamzadeblad saWiro mcenareuli mwvane masis warmoebis praqtikul xerxebs, mdelo-saZovruli
meurneobis gaZRolis sistemebs,
bunebrivi mdeloebis gaumjobesebis da naTesi mdeloebis Seqmnis xerxebs, sxvadasxva balaxnaris
movlas da maT racionalurad gamoyenebas, am savargulebze balaxovani sakvebis damzadebis teqnologiebis srulyofas, agreTve
mdelos mcenareebis meTesleobas.
gaangariSebebi adasturebs, rom
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis
sakvebTa balansSi mcenareuli
warmoSobis sakvebis wili saSualod 95%-s aRwevs. mecxoveleobis
yvela saxis produqciis TviTRirebulebis struqturaSi saSualod 60-75% sakvebis wilze modis.
sakvebwarmoebas, rogorc soflis meurneobis erT-erT tradiciul, prioritetul dargs da
agronomiuli mecnierebis erTerT mniSvnelovan nawils, metad
maRali roli miekuTvneba saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis sasursaTo, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri mravali problemis warmatebiT gadawyvetaSi.
upirveles yovlisa sakvebwarmoeba warmoadgens mecxoveleobis
ganviTarebis da misi TiToeuli
qvedargis mier warmoebuli sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sasursaTo
produqtebis (rZe, xorci, kvercxi, matyli, Tafli) warmoebis gadidebis, agreTve am produqtebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebis erT-erT
აქტუალური თემა
gadamwyvet faqtors da safuZvels. sakvebwarmoebis ekologiur
funqcias ganapirobebs am dargis
bunebisdacviTi, eroziis sawinaaRmdego mniSvneloba, misi roli
ekosistemebis mdgradobis da mcenareulobis
mravalferovnebis
SenarCunebaSi.
sakvebwarmoebis dargis, rogorc mecnieruli disciplinis
amocanaa saxnav miwebze sakvebi
kulturebis, agreTve bunebriv
sakveb savargulebze balaxnaris
mwvane da saZovruli masis maRali, stabiluri, srulfasovani da
iafi sakvebis warmoebis Teoriuli safuZvlebis Camoyalibeba,
maTi realizaciisaTvis saWiro
praqtikuli xerxebis da ileTebis
SemuSaveba da efeqtianobis dadgena, amasTan, bunebriv-ekonomikuri zonebis mixedviT mecxoveleobisaTvis saWiro myari sakvebi
bazis Seqmnis organizaciul-sameurneo da agroteqnikuri sakiTxebisa da RonisZiebebis damuSaveba.
sakvebwarmoeba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli soflis meurneobis iseT dargebTan, rogoricaa
memcenareoba, zogadi miwaTmoqmedeba, agroqimia, niadagmcodneoba, sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa kveba, mcenareTa
biologia da ekologia, geobotanika,
agrometeorologia.
aqedan gamomdinare. sakvebwarmoebaSi farTod gamoiyeneba(zogierTi specifikurobis
gaTvaliswinebiT) CamoTvlili
dargebis praqtikaSi gavrcelebuli agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi, kvlevis meTodebi, mcenareTa da mcenareuli
Tanasazogadoebebis kvebiTi
Rirebulebisa da yuaTianobis
Sefasebis, maTi bioekologiuri Taviseburebebis dadgenis
meTodebi da xerxebi, saTibsaZovrebis ukeT gamoyenebis
ileTebi da a.S. mdelosnobis
specifikur sakiTxTa jgufs
miekuTvneba sakvebi cilis warmoebis gadidebis problema, kulturuli saTib-saZovrebis Seqmnis
meTodebi, sakvebi savargulebis
morwyva da sxva.
mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis safuZvels upirvelesad warmoadgens saWiro sakvebi bazis Seqmna.
mecxoveleobaSi
rentabelobis
maCveneblebis mateba da produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcireba
pirdapirproporciulia
srulივლისი, 2014
fasovani sakvebi bazis SeqmnasTan.
fermerTa upirvelesi zrunva,
sanam cxovelTa jiSobriv gaumjobesebaze daviwyebT fiqrs, mimarTuli unda iqnes mecxoveleobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli farTobis srulyofaze da iaffasiani
bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebis
racionalur gamoyenebaze anu
sakvebis miRebaze rogorc saxnavi
miwebidan, aseve bunebrivi saTibsaZovrebidan. am savargulebis
kanonzomieri Serwyma mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs fermerTa
Semosavlis moculobas mecxoveleobaSi.
gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan dawyebuli, Zireuli
gardaqmnebis da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesSi, mniSvnelovnad Seicvala sakvebi bazis
da sakvebTa balansis struqtura,
mkveTrad Semcirda sakvebis warmoeba saxnav miwebze, mniSvnelovnad gadidda bunebriv sakveb savargulebze warmoebuli sakvebis
xvedriTi wili mTlian sakveb balansSi.
movla-patronoba, maTi gaumjobe-
seba da racionaluri gamoyenebis
aucilebloba mniSvnelovanwilad
ganpirobebulia maTi geografiuli mdebareobidanac. es savargulebi sazRvris pira regionSia
ganlagebuli da amdenad maT gonivrul gamoyenebas mosaxleobis
mTaSi damagrebisa da iafi produqciis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT
saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvneloba
unda mieniWos.
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs bunebriv an xangrZlivi sargeblobis saTib-saZovrebis balaxnars,
rogorc niadagis nayofierebis
SenarCunebis, neSompalis dagrovebis, ferdobebsa da sarek mdeloebze niadagis Camorecxvis sawinaaRmdego faqtors. saWiroa
aRiniSnos, rom alpuri da subalpuri saZovrebis araswori gamoyeneba, gadatvirTva da mouvleloba
ganapirobebs kordis daSlas da
eroziuli procesebis Casaxvas.
bunebrivi balaxnaris saZovrad
an saTibad gamoyeneba dReisaTvis
erTaderTi saSualebaa saxnavad
gamousadegari bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebis mravali aTeuli
aTasi heqtaridan miRebuli iqnes
uxvi mosavali, es ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis, sadac saxnavi miwebis simciris pirobebSi swored bunebrivi
saTib-saZovrebi warmoadgens bevr
regionSi maRalxarisxovani sakvebis warmoebis TiTqmis erTaderT
saimedo da iaf wyaros.
sakvebwarmoebis RonisZiebaTa
gansazRvrisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT konkretuli fermeruli
meurneobis zonaluri pirobeb
bi da maTi specializacia. ekon
nomikur da sabazro faqtorebT
Tan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli
u
unda iqnes bunebrivi pirobebi,
aagreTve umTavresad sasoflos
sameurneo savargulebis Sedg
geniloba da struqtura, sameu
urneo gamoyenebis xasiaTi.
mecxoveleobis rentabelob
bis maCveneblebis matebis ganmsazRvrel erT-erT mTavar
w
winapirobas warmoadgens zamTris periodSi sakvebis asort
timentis SerCeva im angariSiT,
r
rom kvebis tipi miaxloebuli
iiqnas cxovelTa zafxulSi kveb
bis racionTan.
Zireuli cvlilebebi sofl
lis meurneobis marTvis sak
kiTxebSi, sakuTrebis formebs
sa da gaZRolis sistemebSi moiiTxovs, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi,
axleburad iqnes ganxiluli, Seswavlili da gadawyvetili mindvrad da mdeloTa sakvebwarmoebis
praqtikuli sakiTxebi, dakonkretdes da dazustdes savargulebis calkeuli masivebis gaumjobesebis saWiroeba, adgili, masStabi,
bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis Zireuli da zedapiruli gaumjobesebis sistemebi da maTi Semadgeneli
RonisZiebebi. yovelive zemoaRaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
25
აქტუ ალუ რი თ
აქტუალური
თემა
ემა
n Sn
niS
nuli mo
m iTxovs
x s sak
s veb
bw
war
rm
moebis dargSi soflis meurneobis
specialistebis da biologebis
mier saTanado gamokvlevebis gaRrmavebas da efeqtianobis gadidebas, rac Tavis mxriv Teoriuli da
praqtikuli sakiTxebis safuZvlian codnas emyareba.
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia avRniSnoT, rom mdeloTa da mindvrad sakvebwarmoebas sakmaod
Rrma mecnieruli gamokvlevebi
udevs safuZvlad, Tumca am bolo
20 wlis manZilze, iseve rogorc
agraruli mecnierebis umravlesobam, sakvebwarmoebamac ganicada gauazrebeli saxelmwifo politikis Sedegebi. sanam agrarul
mecnierebas kidev SemorCa SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis mqone mecnierTa Tundac umniSvnelo
raodenoba, saWiroa qmediTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba, meti
yuradRebis miqceva unikaluri
bazebisa da adgilobrivi maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis moZiebasa
da maT CarTvaze samecniero Tu
kvleviT samuSaoebSi. gamocdil
kadrebTan erTad, SemorCenil
mecnierTa meTvalyureobiT umokles periodSi SesaZlebeli iqneba
uaxloes teqnologiebs dauflebuli kadrebiT davakompleqtoT
agraruli sferos zogierTi mimarTuleba.
sakvebwarmoebis dargis ganviTarebis mokle istoria SesaniSnavi
magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor mizanmimarTulad viTardeboda esa Tu
is dargi da yalibdeboda saWiro
kadrebiT.
sakvebwarmoebis, rogorc soflis meurneobis dargis Camoyalibebis pirveli etapi ukavSirdeba
adamianis mier cxovelebis moSina-
26
ure
cxo
r bis
b s dawye
w bas,
b s ro
r desac
s
x veli mTeli wlis manZilze saZovarze imyofeboda da adamianis roli
Semoifargleboda
xangrZlivi
dakvirvebebis Sedegad gamomuSavebuli unaris gamoyenebiT SeerCia saZovris monacvleobis procesSi ukeTesi nakveTi. am procesSi adamiani cxadia akvirdeboda da
kvebiTi TvalsazrisiT swavlobda
(afasebda) ara marto mTlianad saZovris balaxnars, aramed calkeul mcenareebsac, gamoyofda maT
Soris kargi Wamadobis, sakvebad
uvargis, mavnesa da Sxamians. ramdenadme gvian iwyeba zamTrisaTvis
sakvebis (Tivisa da nekeris) damzadeba, pirvel rigSi mTian da CrdiloeT regionebSi, sadac Tovlis
safari aferxebda bunebrivi balaxnaris gaZovebas. SedarebiT
ufro gvian, daaxloebiT 25003000 wlebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde iwyeba mindvris sakvebi kulturebis Tesva-moyvana (mindvrad
sakvebwarmoeba).am periodSi ukve
cnobili iyo fetvi, sorgo, soia,
lobio, lurji ionja, culispira
da sxva kulturebi, romelTa movla-moyvanas eweodnen pirveladi
civilizaciis qveynebSi. 1500-2000
wlebSi Cv. w.a. cnobili gaxda ugrexeli, aleqsandriuli samyura,
saSemodgomi Wvavi, amierkavkasiis
esparceti, Svria da sxv.SedarebiT gvian (XIII-XVII saukuneebSi) daiwyes wiTeli (mdelos) samyuras,
mdelos timoTelas, saTiTuras,
saTibi esparcetis da sxvaTa movla-moyvana.
saqarTveloSi sakvebwarmoebis,
rogorc ramdenadme gamokveTili da gamocalkevebuli soflis
meurneobis dargad Camoyalibeba
daiwyo XIX saukuneSi, kapitaliz-
mis Semosvlisa da sasaqonlo meurneobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad. magram bunebrivi sakvebi
savargulebis aRwera da kvebiTi
TvalsazrisiT daxasiaTeba, agreTve maTi umartivesi xerxebiT
gamoyeneba da gaumjobeseba ukve
Zveli droidan xdeboda. im faqtis WeSmaritebaze, rom fazisis,
gelaTis, iyalTos akademiebis
damaarsebeli qarTveli xalxi
met-naklebad kargad icnobda saqarTvelos floras, bunebriv saTib-saZovrebze gavrcelebul balaxebs, maT samkurnalo da kvebiT
Tvisebebs, metyveleben uZvelesi
xelnawerebi, SesaniSnavi samedicino Zeglebi — „usworo karabadini”, „wigni saaqimo” da sxv. saqarTveloSi SemorCenil veterinarul karabadinebSi aRwerilia
cxovelTa sxvadasxva daavadeba,
maTi mkurnalobis meTodebi, mravali samkurnalo balaxi, veterinaruli receptura. 1818 wels
bagrat batoniSvilma peterburgSi gamosca mis mier qarTuli wyaroebidan, agreTve qarTulad gadmokeTebuli sxvadasxva masalidan
Sekrebili da momzadebuli wigni
„samkurnalo cxenTa da sxvaTa pirutyvTa”. yvela CamoTvlil da
sxva wyaroSi aRwerilia velurad
mozardi mravali balaxis Tu mcenaris samkurnali Tvisebebi, rac
cxadia am mcenareebis mravalmxrivi Tvisebebis xangrZlivi drois
manZilze Seswavlas da maTi gamoyenebis codnas efuZneboda.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxaris bunebriv pirobebs, maT Soris
mcenareul safars saukuneTa manZilze swavlobdnen da aRwerdnen
qarTveli ganswavluli moRvaweni. giorgi mTawmindelis, grigol
xanZTelis, daviT garejelis da
sxvaTa cxovrebis aRweris xelTnawerebSi saqarTvelos calkeuli
mxaris fiziko-geografiuli mimoxilvis dros xSiradaa motanili sakmaod detaluri monacemebi
mcenareuli safaris Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos
mcenareulobis
brwyinvale daxasiaTebas iZleva
vaxuSti batoniSvili Tavis ukvdav
naSromSi „aRwera samefoisa saqarTvelosi”, romelic man 1742 wels
daasrula. rogorc kulturuli,
aseve veluri mcenareuli safaris
SesaniSnavma codnam, rac, cxadia,
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
mravali mogzaurobis Sedegebis
garda, wina Taobebis gamocdilebisa da memkvidreobis gaTviTcnoივლისი, 2014
აქტუალური თემა
bierebis nayofi unda yofiliyo,
vaxuSti batoniSvilma, pirvelad
msoflioSi, gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre Sveicarielma mecnierma o. dekandolma da germanelma
a. humboldtma, Camoayaliba mosazrebebi veluri da kulturuli
mcenareulobis zonalobis Sesaxeb (i. javaxiSvili, n. kecxoveli).
akad. n. kecxovels naSromSi „saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari”
mravali magaliTi mohyavs imisa,
Tu ra Rrma mecnierul safuZvlebs, saukunovan tradiciebs da
samSoblos bunebrivi pirobebis
mravalmxriv codnas efuZneba vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier saqarTvelos mcenareuli safaris aRwera.
saqarTvelos floris, maT Soris
mcenareulobis evropel mkvlevarTa mier Seswavlis dasawyisi,
rogorc akad. n. kecxoveli aRniSnavs, XVI saukunis damleviT da
XVII saukunis damdegiT TariRdeba
(J.turneforis mogzauroba). mdidari floristuli masala Seagroves botanikosebma — marSalma
bibirSteinma, k. koxma da sxv.
momdevno wlebSi saqarTvelos
floris Seswavla ucxoel mecnierebs ukavSirdeba — e. rade, n.
kuznecovi, n. buSi, s. medvedevi, a.
grosheimi, n. troicki da sxv. me-20
saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi asparezze gamodis saqarTveloSi momuSave mecnierTa mTeli kohorta:
z. yanCaveli, n. kecxoveli, d. sosnovski, a. sanaZe, g. rcxilaZe, a. mayaSvili, m. timofeevi, m. saxokia, S.
naxucriSvili da sxv.
aRniSnul mecnierTa gamokvlevebma Seuwyo xeli gafarToebuliyo samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebis
gaumjobesebisa da racionaluri
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. samuSaoebi
am mimarTulebiT dawyebuli iqna
1928 wels Seqmnili mdeloTmcodneobisa da mdelosnobis sadguris mier. 1929-1930 wlebSi sacdel
sadgurTan Seiqmna oTxi sacdeli
punqti, sadac iswavleboda balaxnaris mosavlianoba da mosavlis
dinamika, bunebrivi savargulebis
zedapiruli gaumjobesebis zogierTi RonisZieba da sxva.sacdel
punqtebze
samecniero-kvleviT
samuSaoebs xelmZRvanelobdnen: n.
kecxoveli (borCalos mTaze, dmanisi), a. mayaSvili (sofel tambovkaSi, javaxeTi), l. yavriSvili (sofel gorelovkaSi, javaxeTi) da
m. timofeevi (sofel bakurianSi).
1932 wels sadguri reorganizebuli iqna sakvebmopovebis ganyofilebad amierkavkasiis mecxoveleobis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi.
sakuTari gamokvlevebis da Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegebis
damuSavebis safuZvelze n. kecxovelma moamzada da gamoaqveyna monografiebi „saqarTvelos mcenareulobis ZiriTadi tipebi” (1935)
da „saqarTvelos mcenareuli
safari” (1960). am naSromebSi ganxiluli da gadmocemulia saqarTvelos mcenareuli safaris daxasiaTeba da warmodgenilia misi
klasifikacia.
saqarTvelos bunebrivi saTibsaZovrebis gaumjobesebis da
ukeT gamoyenebis mecnieruli Seswavlis dawyebis saTaveebSi gasuli saukunis 20-30-iani wlebidan
moRvaweobdnen a. sanaZe, a. sanikiZe, S. naxucriSvili, a javaxiSvili,
l. yavriSvili, SemdgomSi a. kakulia, m. soxaZe, g. baxSiniani, v. maWaraSvili. m. mesxi, b. ugrexeliZe,
g. zamTaraZe da sxv. mindvrad sakvebwarmoebis sakiTxebSi nayofier
muSaobas eweodnen g. rcxilaZe,
m. WiWinaZe, a. jafariZe, m. dalaqiSvili, d. calqalamaniZe da sxv.
saqarTvelos maRalmTis mcenareulobis da mcenareTa ekologiis
sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Seswavlis
Sedegebi gamoaqveynes g. naxucriSvilma da sxvebma. me-20 saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi bunebrivi
saTib-saZovrebis produqtiulobis gadidebisaken mimarTuli da
mindvrad sakvebwarmoebis mwarmoeblobis amaRlebis farTo masStabis gamokvlevebi
iqna dawyebuli saqarTvelos zooteqnikur-saveterinaro
sas wav lo-kvle viT
institutSi gogoTur aglaZis xelmZRvanelobiT. nayofieri mecnieruli
gamokvlevebi
iqna
Catarebuli g. lekboraSvilis, v. lobJaniZis, p. Citaias, k.
beriZis, z. kucenkos,
v. xoStarias, j. jangavaZis da sxvaTa mier. amave wlebSi saqarTvelos miwaTmoqmedebis
s/k institutSi grZeldeba sakvebi
kulturebis asortimentis gafarToebis, maTi movla-moyvanis da
mosavlianobis gadidebis mizniT
warmoebuli cdebi qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi (m. dalaqiSvili,
o. leJava, g. caguriSvili, v. kobeSaviZe, g. yruaSvili da sxv.).
75-80-iani wlebidan sakvebwarmoebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Seswavlas iwyebs mecnierTa axali Taoba
zoovetinstitutSi i. sarjvelaZe, n. xozrevaniZe, n. WiWinaZe, n.
Todua, n. gorozia,n. iaSvili, j.
jinWaraZe. samecniero-kvleviTi
samuSaoebi tardeboda dedofliswyaros (xelmZRvaneli i. inaSvili),
ianeTis (samtrediis r-oni, xelmZRvaneli b. kaxiani), gulrifSis
(xelmZRvaneli m.Wabukiani) sayrden punqtebze da saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva regionebSi ganlagebul
(qcia-narianis masivze, dmanisissof. mTisZiri, yazbegis, javis, xixamTis-onis da ambrolauris r-ni,
avadxaras) stacionarebze.
Zireuli cvlilebebi soflis
meurneobis marTvis sakiTxebSi,
sakuTrebis formebsa da gaZRolis sistemebSi moiTxovs, mTel
rig SemTxvevebSi, axleburad iqnes ganxiluli, Seswavlili da gadawyvetili mindvrad da mdeloTa
sakvebwarmoebis praqtikuli sakiTxebi, dakonkretdes da dazustdes savargulebis calkeuli masivebis gaumjobesebis saWiroeba,
adgili, masStabi, bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis Zireuli da zedapiruli gaumjobesebis sistemebi
da maTi Semadgeneli RonisZiebebi. es moiTxovs sakvebwarmoebis
dargSi soflis meurneobis specialistebis da biologebis mier
saTanado gamokvlevebis gaRrmavebas da efeqtianobis gadidebas,
rac Tavis mxriv am disciplinis
Teoriuli da prqtikuli sakiTxebis safuZvlian codnas emyareba.
ioseb sarjvelaZe,
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.
27
გამო ხმაუ რე ბა
გამოხმაურება
somxuri sindromi qarTul sinamdvileSi anu meRvineobis
sferoSi gamarTuli yvaryvareobis aRlumis Sesaxeb
berZnuli sityva „sindromi” samedicino enaze
erTiani warmoSobis niSan-Tvisebebs niSnavs, romlebic adamianis organizmis garkveuli avadmyofuri mdgomareobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
ase
s Ti daavadebis
b s ma
m tare
r be
b li erT-er
r
rTi so
s me
m xi
x kolega cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom Rvino somxuri
warmoSobis produqtia da qarTvelebi tyuilad iCemeben pirvelobas mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis sferoSio. somxuri gamoxdomebi mecnierebisa da zogadad
WeSmaritebisagan Sors mdgari zogierTi „specialistebisagan” araxalia, Zvelia, da vcdilobT sakadrisi pasuxic gavceT msgavs public-kaciebs (qvemoT
ix. amonaridi interviudan), magram verc qarTveli
naxevrad ganaTlebuli „mecnierebis” nabodvarsac
davtovebT pasuxgaucemels im ubralo mizezis gamo,
rom saqarTvelos kvebis mrewvelobis sferoSi damkvidrebuli sruli ukontrolobis periodSi, bevri
vai mecnierebis doqtori moevlina saqarTvelos da
yvaryvareobis es aRlumi dResac grZeldeba da Zalas
ikrebs. amasTan, zogierTma maTganma, arc meti, arc
naklebi, kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobasac ki mohkida
xeli; zogma ise moirgo jer mecnierebaTa doqtoris,
Semdeg ki akademikosis mantia, rom mis dReSi arc cda
Cautarebia da, Sesabamisad, statiac ki ar dauweria
Rvinis qimiis an teqnologiebis sferoSi. winsvladawinaurebis saqmes ZiriTadad xinkliTa da qababiT
gawyobil qarTul sufrebze agvarebdnen da dResac
warmatebiT agrZeleben aseT „moRvaweobas”. msgavsi
moRvaweobis Sedegia, magaliTad, saqarTvelos kanonis „vazisa da Rvinis Sesaxeb” is nawili, romelic
Rvinis teqnologiebsa da yurZniseuli warmoSobis
sasmelebs exeba, da sadac 21 (!) uxeSi Secdoma iqna
Cvens mier dafiqsirebuli (ix. Cveni statia JurnalSi
„agrarul-ekonomikuri mecniereba da teqnologiebi”, 2013, #3. gv.64-69).
JurnalSi „agraruli saqarTvelo”, #5, 2014w axlaxan gomoqveynda vinme Jora gabriWiZis statia saTauriT „naturaluri Rvinis damzadebis sxva teqnologia ar arsebobs, garda qarTulisa”. „Cvenma winaprebma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Rvinis damzadebis
28
13 teqnologia Seqmnes... roca vazi sxva xalxebmac
gaaSenes da Rvinis warmoeba daiwyes, gamosagonebeli
da Sesaqmneli aRaraferi iyo, amitom naturaluri
Rvinis damzadebis yvela teqnologia qarTuliao”,
mogvaxara Joram.
imis dasamtkiceblad, rom evropelebsa da mTel
msoflios Rvinis teqnologiebi ki ara aqvT, aramed
mxolod „teqnologiis erT-erTi operaciis” mflobelebi arian, meti damajereblobisaTvis Jora rusulenovan wigns — «Энцикдопедия виноградарства» iSveliebs da gvirCevs movZebnoT termin „meRvineobis
teqnologiis” ganmarteba. movZebneT da vkiTxulobT
Semdegs: «Технология виноделия, научная дисциплина,
изучающая способы и приёмы переработки винограда на
виноматериалы, а также обработки, выдержки и розлива
вин». am ganmartebis Joraseuli Targmani aseTia:
”Rvinis teqnologia samecniero disciplinaa, romelic Seiswavlis yurZnis Rvinod gadamuSavebis xerxebs da meTodebs, agreTve mis davargebas, daZvelebas da Camosxmas” (?!). e.i. Joram xeli ki aRmarTa evropisa da mTeli msoflios meRvineobaze, magram maSinve daxeuli sacvlebi gamouCnda — wakiTxuli ver
gaigo (!).
imave donis, oRond doqtoris mantiaSi gamowyobil qarTuli meRvineobis kidev erT mebairaxtreze,
romelsac wakiTxulis gagebis unari ar gaaCnia, qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
erT adgilas Jora acxadebs, rom, Turme, „naturaluri Rvino mxolod yurZnis wvenis daduRebiT
miiReba da masSi ucxo araferi unda iyos Camatebuli, ra keTilSobili mizniTac ar unda iyos es nakarnaxevio”. imave gverdze ki gvamcnobs, rom vazis
yvavils nazi suni aqvs, Rvinos karg suns aZlevs da
amitom, qarTuli teqnologiis Sesabamisad, yurZnis
mtevani yvavilobis dros unda gavaxmoT(!) da is maduRar qvevrs mivceT. aseTnairad damzadebul Rvinos Jora naturalur sasmelad miiCnevas, magram Tu
evropelebma naturaluri Rvino yovelgvari ucxo
danamatis gareSe muxis kasrSi daaZveles — es ukve
falsificirebuli produqtiao, radganac evropuli tipis Rvinoebis warmoebisas „daiSveba Rvinis muxis taninebiT Sekmazmva” (aq Jora Rvinisa da lobios
damzadebis teqnologiebSi gamoyenebul terminebs
aigivebs erTmaneTTan). amitom, askvnis Jora, evropelebi da mTeli msoflio falsificirebul Rvinos
amzadebeno: ”es ase unda vicodeT Cven da vuTxraT
evropas, mTel msoflios, rom maT mier warmoebuli
გამოხმაურე ბა
გამოხმაურება
Rvino falsificirebulia da araa naturalurio”.
kidev erTi amonaridi statiidan: „Cemi mtkicebuleba, rom naturaluri Rvinis warmoebis yvela teqnologia qarTulia, vfiqrob, sadavo aRar ariso”. ai,
ase. arc meti, arc naklebi: Joram raxan Tqva, sadavo
aq araferia. yoCaR, Jora. ai, namdvili patrioti! ai,
zezvas da lelas pirdapiri STamomavali qarTveli
meRvine!
Joraseul „logikas” Tu mivyvebiT, raxan yurZnis
wvenic pirvelad qarTvelebma daamzades (Joras aRmoCena), bunebrivia, am wvenis misaRebi yurZnis dasawuri wnexic qarTul gamogonebad unda CaiTvalos,
oRond dasazustebelia — perioduli Tu uwyveti
qmedebis wnexiT sargeblobdnen lela da zezva... marto Rvino ki ara, Joras mtkicebiT, „evropis kontinenti qarTvelTa tomebma daasaxles da yvelafris
saTaveebTan, riTac amayobs kacobrioba, isini idgneno“.
evropis siamayis qarTul saTaveebs albaT Semdeg
statiaSi gagvacnobs Jora, amjerad ki iqneb agvixsnas, romeli qarTuli 13 teqnologia aqvs mxedvelobaSi, romelTa Sesaxeb CvenTvis misawvdom literaturaSi araferia naTqvami... Tumca es is Joraa, romelmac damwvari xis kvamlis boliT gaamdidra spirtwyalxsnari da teqnikuri universitetis eqspertTa
sabWos miadga gancxadebiT — damifinanseT,axla, am
kancerogenuli sasmelis warmoebis arnaxuli me-14
qarTuli teqnologiao (?!).
sainteresoa, rogor moevlina es Jora teqnikur
universitets ufrosi mecnier-muSakis rangSi maSin,
rodesac mas advilad mosapovebeli akademiuri doqtoris xarisxic ki ara aqvs miniWebuli. arafers vambob mecnierebaTa kandidatis da miT ufro mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxze.
sityvam moitana da isic unda iTqvas, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi doqtoris samecniero xarisxic uxvad darigda am qveyanaSi. bevrma
sabWoTa periodSi dacul sakandidato disertacias
saTauri Seucvala da ise gaxdnen doqtorebi. zogma saqarTveloSi moRvawe rusi mecnieris naSromebi gadaaqarTula da jer mecnierebaTa doqtoris
da Semdeg akademikosis rangSi moevlina bedkrul
saqarTvelos… Sedegmac ar daayovna: Tu sabWoTa
saqarTveloSi sul 500-ze cota meti mecnierebis
doqtori moRvaweobda, damoukideblobis sul raRac 5-6 weliwadSi maTma ricxva 2000-s miaRwia. hoda,
amaTgan erTi aseTi mecnierebaTa doqtori meRvineobaSi - Temur Rlonti lanZRva-ginebiT gamoexmaura
Cvens SeniSvnebs kanonSi „vazisa da Rvinis Sesaxeb”.
ra salanZRavi sityvebi ar ikadra Cveni, profesorebis Tengiz nanitaSvilis, nana begiaSvilisa da cisana SilakaZis misamarTiT. Cven vwerdiT, rom termini
„reducirebuli Saqrebi” ar arsebobs; rom aseve Secdomaa kanonSi moyvanili termini „daSlili Saqrebi”
da is unda Seicvalos terminiT „martivi Saqrebi” an
meRvineobaSi aseve miRebuli terminiT - „mareducirebeli Saqrebi” (s. durmiSiZe, 1968).
am Cvens moTxovnaze b-ma T. Rlontma aRSfoTeba
ver damala:
„SeniSvnebis avtorebi dabejiTebiT amtkiceben,
rom gamoTqma „reducirebuli Saqrebi” meRvineobaSi ar arsebobs, rac maT mxriv sakiTxis arcodnas moaswavebs. amas adasturebs cnobili saxelmZRvanelo
wigni: Химия коньячного производства, И.М.Скурихин, 1968,
romlis 173-e gverdze vkiTxulobT: «Содержание
редуцирующих сахаров...». „rogorc ityvian komentarebi zedmetiao”, kmayofilebis grZnobiT askvnis
batoni Temuri... komentarebi marTlac rom zedmetia, da TviTonac sasacilod gamoiyureba batoni T. Rlonti, radganac meRvineobaSi mecnierebis
doqtorma ar icis yurZnis ZiriTadi komponentebis
- Saqrebis swori dasaxeleba. wakiTxviT ki waikiTxa
i.m.skurixinis saxelmZRvanelo, magram erTmaneTisagan ver ganasxvava rusuli sityvebi «редуцированный»
da «редуцирующий». batoni Rlontis mier enoqimiis
safuZvlebis arcodniT nakarnaxev terminze dayrdnobiT Semdegi Taobis „mecnierma” parlamentarebma
saqarTvelos kanonSi „vazisa da Rvinis Sesaxeb” daamkvidres maT mier axladaRmoCenili, organuli qimiisaTvis ucnobi termini „daSlili Saqrebi”. Cven rom
imis axsna-ganmarteba daviwyoT, Tu ratom hqvia yurZenSi arsebul Saqrebs ara reducirebuli, aramed
mareducirebeli anu aRmdgeneli Saqrebi, amas doqtori Temuri ver gaigebs, radganac Cven rom studentobisas enoqimiis safuZvlebs vecnobodiT teqnologiur fakultetze, is filologiur fakultetze
„SuSanikis wamebas” izuTxavda. Semdeg, ganukiTxaobis Jams, moisurva da meRvineobis dargSi doqtoric
ki gaxda da Coxa-axaluxSi gamowyobili qarTuli
meRvineobis simbolod gamogvecxadeba xolme meRvineobis sferoSi gamarTul Sexvedrebze.
amboben, postsabWoTa sivrceSi daiwyes areulobis
periodSi daumsaxureblad miniWebuli samecniero
xarisxebis CamorTmevao.
RmerTo, RmerTo es xma tkbili gamagone Cems mamulSic.
nugzar baRaTuria,
kvebis mrewvelobis s/k
s k institutis direqtori,
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi
29
ჩვ ენი სიმდიდრე
ჩვენი
სიმდი დრე
vis ekuTvnis
sulguni
osebi da afxazebi sulgunis Seqmnas iTviseben, xolo somxebi davoben, rom es yveli mxolod qarTvelebs ar ekuTvniT(!)
mravalferovani da originaluri kvebiTi kulturis Semqmneli
qarTuli eTnikuri erToba Tavis
TavSi Caketili da izolirebuli
ar yofila. qarTvelebi SemoqmedebiTad iziarebdnen sxvaTa miRwevebsac. Sors rom ar wavideT, -ma-ze
daboloebuli kerZebis saxelwodebebi (yaurma, CixirTma, tolma,
basturma...) TurqTagan gvaqvs SeTvisebuli, magram mxolod qarTveli xalxis wiaRSia warmoqmnili
bevri „gastronomiuli movlena”,
maT Soris yvelis nairsaxeobani:
TuSuri gudis yveli, imeruli yveli, samcxuri yveli, CeCili, tenili
da sulguni... magaliTad, SavSeTimerxevSi ZiriTadad ori saxeobis
yvels amzadebdnen, romelTagan
erT-erTs fSvnilai erqva. mas xis
vedroebSi inaxavdnen. yvelis xangrZlivad Senaxvis tradicia saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela istoriuleTnografiul mxareSi gvxvdeba.
eTnografiuli
monacemebiT,
sulguns dasavleT saqarTvelos
mxareebSi (samegrelo, svaneTi,
imereTi, leCxumi, raWa) amzadebdnen. samegreloSi selegini, seleguni, siogini erqva, zemo imereTSi, raWasa da leCxumSi — gvajila/
gvajili. saqarTveloSi sulguns
amzadebdnen afxazebic. maT saxelwodeba (aSelaguan) megrelTa
metyvelebidan hqondaT nasesxebi.
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, „suluguni [aris] gardazelili brtyeli yveli”. gadazelils
uwodebdnen sulguns guriaSic.
SegaxsenebT, sulguni aris Cveulebrivi „imeruli yveli”, gadaxarSul-gadazelili. Sebolili da gamxmari sulguni didxans inaxeboda.
sulgunis kultura Tavis droze eTnologma nino Tofuriam
Seiswavla. werda, rom „megruli
suluguni saukeTeso da gaumjo-
30
besebuli xarisxis produqtia yvelis im uamrav nairsaxeobas Soris,
romelic cnobilia Cedarizebuldamwifebuli yvelis saxiT (aseT
jgufs miekuTvneba italiuri kaCokavalo)”.
samwuxarod, qarTuli eTnikuri
kulturis am miRwevas karga xania
sxvebi gvedavebian. osi da afxazi
avtorebi saqarTvelos istorias
qurdaven da axla jeri qarTul
kulturazec midga:
I. 1987 wels baTumSi Catarebul
eTnologTa respublikur konferenciaze afxazma mkvlevarma
galina kobeSaviZem (axla Tarjiman-oRli) waikiTxa moxseneba imis
Sesaxeb, rom sulgunis kultura
afxazTa Semonaqmedia da rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam, megrelebma, misi damzadeba
afxazTagan SeiTvises.
II. osi avtorebi (boris kaloevi
da sxvebi) weren, rom sulguni qarTvelebma osTagan SeiTvises. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom osebma
sulgunis damzadeba saerTod ar
icodnen, miuxedavad amisa, b. kaloevi mkiTxvels atyuebs, rom mas
dasavleT oseTSi (digorSi) amzadebdnen. is gauTviTcnobierebel
mkiTxvels auwyebs, rom dasavleT
osebma daiviwyes sulgunis damzadeba monRolTa Semosevebisas,
roca alan-osebis meurneoba dakninda. sxvagan ki sulgunis dasavleT saqarTveloSi Semotanas
Zvel iranelebs miawers, romlebic Turme kolxeTSi dasaxlebulan da sabolood qarTvelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sesulan.
halucinaciebi
argumentebad
kategoriulad unda iTqvas, rom
Zveli istoriis verc erTi specialisti kolxeTSi iranelTa dasax-
lebas ver daasabuTebs. mdidari
iranuli kulturisgan qarTveli
xalxi didad davalebulia, bevri ram iswavles civilizebuli
mezoblebisgan, magram sulgunis
damzadeba qarTvelebs aravisgan
uswavliaT.
os avtorebs mohyavT maTi Tanamemamulis vasil abaevis naSromi,
Tumca igi mxolod sityva sulugunis etimologias ukavSirebs
osuri enis digorul dialeqts.
vasil abaevma mxolod is aRniSna,
rom leqsikuri erTeulis pirveli Semadgeneli sityva sulu osuri enis digorul dialeqtze Sratia. am sityvebis avtors aviwydeba,
rom sulguni/suluguni saliteraturo qarTul enaze gamoiTqmis, xolo megrul metyvelebaSi
is gamoiTqmis rogorc selegini/
seleguni/siogini. xolo Tu leqsikuri erTeulis meore komponenti
aris gini, maSin pirveli komponentia ara sulu, aramed sio/silo/
sele da mas digoruli dialeqtis
sulusTan kavSiri ar aqvs. metic,
sulguni ar mzaddeba Sratisgan,
es siTxe mxolod yvelis damzadebis Semdeg rCeba. sinamdvileSi siogini/silogini/selegini megruli
metyvelebis wiaRSia warmoqmnili
— sirsoua niSnavs Wyletas, sresas,
xolo gini/gino — aqeT-iqiT, gaRmagamoRmas. amdenad, megruli sityva
siogini/silogini/selegini pirdapir niSnavs dasresil da aqeT-iqiT
gadadebul Wyint moxarSul yvels.
sainteresoa, sulgunis raWaSi,
leCxumsa da zemo imereTSi gavrcelebuli saxelwodeba — gvajilac osTagan hqondaT qarTvelebs
SeTvisebuli?
rac mTavaria, osebma saerTod
ar icodnen yvelis aseTi saxeobis
(moxarSuli da gadazelili) damzadeba. gamodis, qarTvelebma miივლისი, 2014
ჩვენ ი სი
ჩვენი
სიმდიდრე
მდ იდრე
si damzadeba osebisgan iswavles,
osebma ki dakarges...
magram axla osma avtorebma ukve
imis werac daiwyes, rom sulgunis
damzadeba arasdros SeuwyvetiaT
da qarTvelTa mier osTagan sulgunis SeTvisebis axali TariRic
SemogvTavazes, rom es XX saukunis dasawyisSi moxda. teqstis am
monakveTis avtors sulgunis damzadebis teqnologiazec ar aqvs
warmodgena. Turme sulguni Sratisgan mzaddeba.
sxvisi istoria, sxvisi
rZe da sxvisi yveli
afxazTa Soris sulguni samegrelodan rom gavrcelda, amas misi
saxelwodebac amtkicebs: aSelaguan megruli seleginis fonetikuri
variantia. sulguni Tu afxazTa
mieraa Seqmnili, ratom ar icodnen misi damzadeba maTma enobrivad da eTnikurad monaTesave adiRe-Cerqez-yabardoelebma da ubixebma? sulguni scodnia mxolod
abazebis aSxarelTa eTnografiul
jgufs, romlebic Savi zRvis sanapirodan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi XVII
saukuneebSi gadasaxldnen. samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia,
rom aSxareli abazebi sulgunis
tipis yvels sakuTrad ar miiCneven. aSxarel abazebSi sulguni
Seitana 1864 wels fsxudan gadasaxlebulma afxazTa jgufma
(105 ojaxi, 736 suli).
xarisxiani sulguni mxolod
Zroxisa da kameCis rZisgan mzaddeba. afxazebSi ki mesaqonleoba
meorexarisxovani iyo. isini ZiriTadad meTxeobas misdevdnen
da Tivis damzadebis tradiciac
ki ar gaaCndaT. mTavari ki isaa,
rom adamianebsa da adamianTa
jgufebs (eTnosebs) bunebrivgeografiuli garemo, klimati
karnaxobda kulturis ama Tu im
formis Seqmnas. am mxriv sulguni anu gadaxarSul-gadazelili
yveli mxolod kolxuri kulturaa. kolxeTSi mTeli istoriis
ganmavlobaSi tenianobis siWarbe
iyo. gadaxarSuli da gadazelili
Cveulebrivi yveli an kvamlSi da
mzeze gamoyvanili da gamomSrali
didxans, Cveulebriv, erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi Zlebda da kvebiT
Tvisebebs ar kargavda.
meurneobis ra yaidis mimdevar xalxs unda Seeqmna sulgunis
kultura? — ra Tqma unda, miwaTmoqmeds da ara im xalxs, romlis
saqmianobis mTavar sferos mecxoveleoba Seadgenda. qarTvelebi
uZvelesi miwaTmoqmedi xalxia,
saqarTveloSi miwaTmoqmedeba da
mesaqonleoba simbiozurad iyo
warmodgenili. maRali donis miwaTmoqmedeba mesaqonleobis gareSe warmoudgenelia, radgan gamwevi Zalis gareSe miwaTmoqmedebas mxolod primitiuli xasiaTi
eqneboda.
momTabare da naxevrad momTabare mesaqonle xalxebs ar sWirdebodaT mecxoveleobis produqtebis didi raodenobiT damzadeba
da xangrZlivad Senaxva, xolo miwaTmoqmed xalxebSi, romlebsac
pirutyvi SezRuduli raodenobiT
hyavdaT, amgvari problema idga,
miT umetes, kolxeTis dablobSi
— aq sineste mecxoveleobis produqtebis xangrZlivad Senaxvis saSualebas ar iZleoda. SezRuduli
mesaqonleobis pirobebSi ki xalxs
gvian Semodgomidan, laqtaciis
Sewyvetis Tu Semcirebis gamo, adre gazafxulamde, rZisa da rZis
produqtebis deficitic hqonda. am deficitis Sevsebis wyaro
ki iyo swored rZis produqtebis,
am SemTxvevaSi, yvelis damzadebis
axali teqnologiebis Zebna, rasac qarTvelma meurnem xangrZlivi dakvirvebisa da SemoqmedebiTi
Ziebis procesSi miagno da Seqmna
yvelis iseTi nairsaxeoba, rogoricaa sulguni.
afxazur-adiReuri modgmis xalxebi da osebis winapari alanebi
istoriulad xelSesaxeb periodSi binadari cxovrebisa da amasTan
erTad miwaTmoqmedebis mimdevari ar yofilan. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi adiReuri tomebi
naxevrad momTabare cxovrebas
eweodnen, rac niSnavs, rom maT
Soris prioritetuli mecxoveleoba iyo, mecxoveleobis produqtebi ki sakmarisi raodenobiT
hqondaT da maT winaSe rZis produqtis — yvelis xangrZlivad Senaxvis problema ar idga; arc iseT
bunebriv-geografiul, klimatur
pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, rom misi
xangrZlivad Senaxvis teqnologiis SemoRebaze efiqraT.
ase rom, sulguni dasavlurqarTuli kulturaa/produqtia,
kolxeTis dablobSi Seqmnili da
ara afxazuri da osuri.
sabWouri Zaladoba _
mezobluri „argumenti”?!
2013 wlis bolos cnobili gaxda, rom sulgunze oficialuri
pretenzia aqvT somxebs. isini evrokavSiris Sesabamis struqt raSi sulgunis qarTuli
tu
k
kul
turisadmi mikuTvnebas eWvqveS ayeneben da saCivarSi aRn naven, rom „sulguni ar warniS
m adgens qarTuli warmoSobis
mo
y
yvels,
radgan is iwarmoeboda
m
mTel
sabWoTa kavSirSi”(!) da
m uTiTeben, rom „sabWoTa kavmi
S ris periodSi produqciis
Si
s warmoeblad
sa
gamoiyeneboda
s xelmwifo standartebi, e.w.
sa
„
„gost”,
romelic mTeli qveyn Tvis saerTo iyo”. anu, imis
nis
g mo, rom sabWoTa dros proga
d ciaze saqarTvelos calke
duq
„
„gos
ti” ar hqonia, sulguni qarT li eTnikuri kulturis nawiTu
l ar unda miiCnion!
lad
sabWoTa periodSi Tu qarTveli xalxis daukiTxavad sulguns
somxeTisa da ruseTis yvelis qarxnebi awarmoebdnen, amiT dasturdeba, rom is mxolod qarTuli
eTnikuri kulturis elements ar
warmoadgenda? gana qarTveli xalxisgan vinme nebarTvas aiRebda maSin mis warmoebaze?! samarTlian
31
ჩვ ენი სიმდიდრე
ჩვენი
სიმდი დრე
s er
sa
rTaSo
S ri
r so
s ar
rb
bitraJs
r s ki un
nda
vurCioT, sulgunis damzadebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi (samegrelo,
svaneTi, imereTi), qarTvel glexTa
saxlebSi daeswros. saamisod somxeTis soflebic moiaron, moinaxulon Tbilisisa da erevnis, zugdidisa da kirovakanis, quTaisisa da
leninakanis bazrebic, sadac glexebi, bunebrivia, Sin damzadebul
yvels hyidian. 1890-iani wlebidan
saqarTveloSi damzadebuli sulguni foTidan dasavleT evropaSi
didi raodenobiT gadioda gasayidad. iqneb somexma mecnierebma somxeTidan eqsportad gasuli
sulgunis damadasturebeli raime
saarqivo dokumentic gviCvenon.
aSkaraa, somxebi evrokavSirSi
rusebis miTiTebiT Civian. daaxloebiT erTi wlis winaT НТВ-ze
gadaica siuJeti msgavsi teqstiT,
romelSic naCvenebi iyo soWis bazari, romlis daxlebsac sulguni
amSvenebda. siuJetis avtori kiTxvas svamda: naxeT, ramdeni sulguni
iyideba soWis bazarSi, ratomaa is
qarTuli produqti da ratom unda
daaregistriros evrokavSirmao?
samwuxarod, es faqti yuradRebis
miRma darCa, Torem gairkveoda,
rom soWis bazarze sulguni samegrelodan iyo Setanili.
sainteresoa, sulgunis, CurCxelis, CeCili yvelisa da gudis yvelis
Semdeg qarTuli kulturis kidev
romeli miRwevis miTvisebas Seecdebian Cveni dauZinebeli megobrebi?
`mokiTxva” beiruTidan
1990 wlidan aSS-is bazarze, kaliforniaSi moqmedi libanuri
firma Karoun Dairies-i mravali dasaxelebis rZis produqts uSvebs.
brendebis safirmo CamonaTvalSi
kompaniis saitze mravali dasaxelebaa CamoTvlili produqtis tipisa da misi warmoSobis regionis
mixedviT, romelTa Soris saqarTvelo saerTod ar aris naxsenebi, sulguni ki Setanilia rusuli
warmoSobis produqciaSi.
saTavo kompaniis sxva saitze
ganmartebulia, rom, magaliTad,
xmelTaSuazRvispiruli
yvelis
sagangebo asortimenti realurad
aris tradiciuli somxuri yveli,
romlebic baRdasarianebis ojaxis
„karunis yvelis” maRali xarisxis
receptebiT aris damzadebuli.
ohanes baRdasarianma axlandeli
firmis winamorbedi Laiterie Karoun-i
beiruTSi 1931 wels daafuZna.
roland TofCiSvili
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori.
Jurnali ”istoriani”
რეგიო ნში
ნშ ი
`mefutkre~ Taflis qarxnis da sakuTari
mini-hesis agebas gegmavs
Taflis mwarmoebeli kompania „mefutkre” SeRavaTiani agrokreditebis samTavrobo proeqtis
daxmarebiT Taflis qarxnis aSenebas da axal saeqsporto bazrebze gasvlas gegmavs.
rogorc kompaniaSi commersant.ge-s ganucxades, proeqti ukve damuSavebulia da axlo momavalSi erT-erT
bankSi Seitanen. qarxnis aSenebidan momdevno wels kompania warmoebis gaoTxmagebas gegmavs, 2-3 wlis perspeqtivaSi ki weliwadSi daaxloebiT 100 tona Taflis
gadamuSavebaa. 2012-2013 wlebSi kompaniam jamSi daaxloebiT 6 tona Taflis realizacia moaxdina.
amJamad „mefutkre“ 4 saxeobis Tafls awarmoebs.
esenia: gazafxulis Tafli, romelic miRebulia akaciisa da sxva yvavilebis neqtrisgan, Semodgomis
Tafli oqrowkeplas yvavilis neqtrisgan, wablis
Tafli da cacxvis Tafli.
dafasoebis mixedviT bazarze „mefutkris“ 16 produqti iyideba, erTi kilogramis fasi ki saxeobis mixedviT 11-dan 18 laramde meryeobs.
misi produqcia warmodgenilia supermarketebSi:
„gudvili”, „smarti”, „karfuri”, „peska” da axladgax-
32
sn
m idan-ba
n b za
z ri,”
r ” sa
s dac mowyo
m w bi
b lia qar
q rTuli
s
nili „me
produqciis gamofena-gayidva.
qarxnis gaxsnisa da warmoebis gafarToebis Semdeg kompania gegmavs produqciis Setanas mcire Tu
msxvil savaWro obieqtebSi, kerZod: „nikora”, „fudmarti”, „nugeSi”, „fresko”, saafTiaqo qseli „farmasaxli” da sxv, romlebTanac winaswari molaparakebebi ukve dawyebulia.
რეგიონშ ი
რეგიონში
sawarmos aseve hyavs biznes-partniorebi bulgareTSi, samxreT koreis respublikasa da CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi, sadac „mefutkris“ Taflis
gatana igegmeba. samxreT koreaSi pirveli sacdeli
partia mcire raodenobiT ramdenime dRis winaT gaigzavna, xolo CineTis bazarze, kerZod hong-kongSi,
Taflis eqsporti uaxloes momavalSi igegmeba.
rac Seexeba evropas, rogorc kompaniaSi acxadeben,
am mxriv laboratoriuli Semowmebis problema dgas,
rac did xarjebs ukavSirdeba, amitom „mefutkris“
warmomadgenlebi saxelmwifos mxridan gadadgmul
nabijebs elodebian.
kompania 2012 wels dafuZnda da senakis raionis sofel zanaSi funqcionirebs.
sameurneo bazis gafarToebas sawarmo imave sofelSi gegmavs. „SeRavaTiani agrokreditis“ farglebSi sesxis aRebis SemTxvevaSi „mefutkres“ aseve
dagegmili aqvs 5-6 heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo miwis
SeZena erTwliani Taflovani naTesebis mosayvanad,
mdinare civze minihesis (50 kvt/saaTamde) mowyoba,
romlis mier gamomuSavebuli energiis ZiriTadi nawili meurneobas moxmardeba. aseve igegmeba TbilisSi „mefutkris“ brendirebuli savaWro obieqtebis
Seqmna.
ოქ რო ს პ
ოქროს
პრ
როდუქტი
ოდუ ქტ ი
si min dis ze Ti
indielebi siminds RvTis wyalobas uwodebdnen, legendebsa da
simRerebs uZRvnidnen. inkebs is wminda mcenared miaCndaT da mis
pativsacemad rogorc xvna-Tesvis periodSi, ise sxva dReebSi sagangebo ritualebs marTavdnen. mas Semdeg aseulobiT weli gavida
da simindi mTelma msofliom gaicno. misi marcvlebisgan adamianma
uamravi produqti miiRo: saxamebeli, spirti, glukoza, xelovnuri
qsovilebi, foto da kinofirebi. simindis zogierTi saxeoba saukeTeso qaRaldisa da plastmasis warmoebaSi dResac warmatebiT gamoiyeneba, Tumca yvelaze faseuli ram, rasac simindisgan iReben,
zeTia. mas xSirad oqros adareben. bevr qveyanaSi Tavad simindsac
oqros uwodeben.
simindis zeTi marTlac „oqros
produqtia”. is uxvad Seicavs metad Rirebul komponentebs — biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs,
romlebic organizmze gamaaxalgazrdavebel da gamajansaRebel
gavlenas axdens. rogorc amboben,
simindis zeTi kurnavs garedan da
Signidan, aqtiurad ebrZvis siberis gamomwvev Tavisufal radikalebs, sijansaRes unarCunebs
Tmas, kansa da frCxilebs, universaluria kulinariaSi. simindis
zeTi mcenaris Rivisgan miiReba. iyideba mxolod rafinirebuli — baci yviTeli, gamWvirvale,
usuno, neitraluri gemos mqone
produqti. am Tvisebebis gamo is
farTod gamoiyeneba Tevzis, xorcis, bostneulis Sesawvavad, sxvadasxva kerZis mosamzadeblad. simindis zeTs iyeneben sakonditro
warmoebaSic. is ar qafdeba, ar
iwvis, ar warmoqmnis kancerogenul nivTierebebs, ris gamoc dietur da sabavSvo kvebaSi didad
fasobs.
Semadgenloba da
sasargeblo Tvisebebi
simindis zeTi gansakuTrebiT
mdidaria A provitaminiT. bevria
masSi B jgufis, C da K vitaminebi,
zogierTi mineraluri nivTiereba, lecitini, fitosterinebi.
yvelaze meti ki simindis zeTSi E
vitaminia (zeiTunis zeTic ki orjer nakleb E vitamins Seicavs).
moipoveba F vitaminic, romelic
ujeri cximovani mJavebis kompleqsis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
100 gram simindis zeTSi E vitaminis odenoba 10 sadReRamiso
normaze metia, amitom dReSi sul
ori sadilis kovzi sakmarisia
janmrTelobis SesanarCuneblad
da gansamtkiceblad (ra Tqma unda, sxva sakveb nivTierebebTan
erTad). yvelaze sasargebloa is
zeTi, romelic simindis Rivisgan
civi gamoxdiT (gawurviT) miiReba. aseT zeTSi uxvadaa lecitini,
romelic Trombozebis profilaqtikisa da aTerosklerozis
mkurnalobisTvis Seucvlelia.
simindis zeTSi Semavali E vitamini aaqtiurebs alfa-tokoferolebs, romlebic bunebrivi
antioqsidantebia da romelTa
wyalobiTac vinarCunebT axalgazrdobasa da silamazes. simindis zeTi Seicavs ujeri cximovani mJavebis sagangebo kompleqss,
ris wyalobiTac is organizmSi
cximovan balanss saukeTesod
aregulirebs,
sisxlZarRvebs
aniWebs elastikurobas, aqveiTebs sisxlSi mavne qolesterinis dones. simindis zeTi kargia
33
ოქ რო ს პ
ოქროს
პრო
როდუქტი
დუ ქტ ი
Tirkmel-kenWovani paTologiis,
RviZlisa da sanaRvle gzebis daavadebebis, Saqriani diabetisa da
simsuqnis dros. mis regularul
gamoyenebas tonusSi mohyavs naRvlis buSti, awesrigebs mis gamomyof funqcias (amisTvis erTi
sadilis kovzi zeTi unda miiRoT
dReSi orjer, Wamamde naxevari
saaTiT adre). simindis zeTSi linolis mJavas rekorduli Semcvelobaa (56%). aRniSnuli mJava
aregulirebs sisxlis Sededebas,
aZlierebs imunitets. meore adgilzea oleinis mJava (49%). zeTi mdidaria agreTve stearinisa
da palmitinis mJavebiT. aromatul-cximovani mJavebidan aRsaniSnavia ferulis mJava, romelsac antioqsidanturi Tvisebebi
aqvs. is aferxebs simsivnis ganviTarebas, icavs organoebs stresis damazianebeli moqmedebisgan, aferxebs lipidebis Jangvas,
xels uSlis aTerosklerozuli
procesebis mimdinareobas, simsivnuri warmonaqmnebis zrdas,
astimulirebs imunur sistemas,
xels uwyobs simsivnuri ujredebis TviTganadgurebas. igive
Tvisebebi axasiaTebs fitosterinebs, romlebic aseve uxvadaa
simindis zeTSi. cnobisaTvis: adamianis organizms, Cveulebriv, am
nivTierebaTa qronikuli deficiti aReniSneba. simindis zeTi
rekomendebulia dietis dros,
radgan dadebiTad moqmedebs nawlavTa funqciaze, nivTierebaTa
cvlaze, amagrebs kapilarebs, amcirebs maT ganvladobas da xels
uwobs maTi kedlis ganmtkicebas. medikosebi da dietologebi
gvirCeven, simindis zeTi mivirTvaT gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis saprofilaqtikod, garemos
mavne, agresiuli, damazianebeli
faqtorebisgan organizmis dasacavad,
guneba-ganwyobilebis
asamaRleblad, Zilisa da saerTo
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad
(uZilobis dros zeTi 5-7 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi nazad unda SeiziloT kefis fosoSi, terfebze,
xelisgulebze, muxlebze, idayvisa da koW-wvivis saxsrebis areSi).
am zeTs SeuZlia gaaxangrZlivos
axalgazrdoba, Seamciros alergiuli reaqciebi da kanis aqercvla, daicvas organizmi nervuli
daavadebebisa da Sakikisgan (rekomendebulia TiTo sadilis kovzi dReSi orjer). sasargebloa
patara bavSvebis, orsulebisa da
meZuZuri dedebisaTvis, radgan
masSi aris fosfatidebi — ujreduli membranis nawilebi, romlebsac tvinis funqciis regulireba SeuZlia. xalxuri medicina
simindis zeTiT mkurnalobs damwvrobas, alergiul rinits, saxis,
tanisa da tuCebis kanze arsebul
naxeTqebs. misi energetikuli Rirebuleba 100 gramze 899 k/kalorias Seadgens.
აგრო ვო რდი
აგროვორდი
horizontalurad:
1. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli niadagis tipi; 2. cxvris mogebis
periodi; 5. saqarTvelos tyeebSi
gavrcelebuli; soko; 6. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli lobios erT-erTi jiSi; 11. mravalwliani parkosani, romelic gamoiyeneba
sakvebwarmoebaSi; 12. Rvinis daZmareba, anu? 13. mTaSi gavrcelebuli
saqonlis jiSi; 14. vaSlis jiSis saxeli nodar dumbaZis moTxrobaSi;
16. komSis qarTuli (kaxuri) jiSi;
18. xorblis endemuri saxeoba; 19.
vazis mavnebeli; 21. mindvris kulturebis paraziti; mcenare; 22. qaTmis qarTuli populacia; 23. yurZnis kurka.
vertikalurad:
1. xmeli xe vaJas mixedviT; 3. paraziti mcenare, romelic ZiriTadad izrdeba msxalze da alvaze; 4.
meqvevreobiT ganTqmuli sofeli
kaxeTSi; 7. erTgvari Rvedi, romliTac guTani mibmulia uRelze;
8. kombostos mavnebeli; 9. soflis
meurneobaSi gamoyenebadi miwis
zogadi saxeli; 10. Txilis qarTuli jiSi; 15. vaSlis qarTuli jiSi;
17. alpursa da subalpur zonaSi;
gavrcelebuli maradmwvane buCqi.
20. Sromis iaraRi.
34
Semdgeneli:
giorgi barisaSvili
wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi
horizontalurad: 3. Savfxa; 7. avenisuri; 9. culispira; 13. warafi; 14. bicobi; 16. cercvi; 18. adanasuri; 21. xidisTauri; 22. rqa; 23. kaxambali; 24. seli.
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ვალტრას ტრაქტორები A სერიის კომპაქტური მოდელები
ინდივიდუალურად თქვენთვის
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℡ 2 90 50 00; 2 18 18 81
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agraruli saq-yda-39.indd

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