7 great mysteries of Modern Physics

10 000 a. l.
1 miliardo a. l.
The Big Bang Model
Leptons
Quarks
Fermions
Bosons
u c t g
d s b g
up
down
charm
top
strange bottom
gluone
fotone
ne nm nt W
e-neutrino m-neutrino t-neutrino
e m t
elettrone
muone
tau
bosone
Z
bosone
Higgs
Boson
7 big questions in modern physics:
– what happened to antimatter?
– black holes – what happens inside?
– what are the dark matter and dark energy?
– Schroedinger cat aradox – which is the solution?
– the neutron stars structure – is there place for
strangeness inside?
– is there one or are they more Universes?
– do aliens exist?
F.Riggi, Microcosmo e macrocosmo, Vacanze studio Gennaio 2002
7 big questions in modern physics:
– what happened to antimatter?
– black holes – what happens inside?
– what are the dark matter and dark energy?
– Schroedinger cat aradox – which is the solution?
– the neutron stars structure – is there place for
strangeness inside?
– is there one or are they more Universes?
– do aliens exist?
F.Riggi, Microcosmo e macrocosmo, Vacanze studio Gennaio 2002
La storia dell’Universo
10-6 sec. Matter –
antimatter
annihilation
CP violation (CPT)
Assymetry between “laws of matter
and laws of antimatter” e
KLOE at DAFNE
LHCb at LHC-CERN
.....
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, info:
http://www.lnf.infn.it/sis/
ADA e ADONE
ATLAS
NAUTILUS
KLOE
Centro di
Calcolo
OPERA
DAFNE
BTF
DAFNE-L
FISA
FINUDA
DEAR
Auditorium
Large Hadron Collider
LHCb
7 big questions in modern physics:
– what happened to antimatter?
– black holes – what happens inside?
– what are the dark matter and dark energy?
– Schroedinger cat aradox – which is the solution?
– the neutron stars structure – is there place for
strangeness inside?
– is there one or are they more Universes?
– do aliens exist?
F.Riggi, Microcosmo e macrocosmo, Vacanze studio Gennaio 2002
Relativita’ generale
La materia dice allo spazio come
curvarsi, lo spazio dice alla materia
come muoversi.
Relativita’ generale
1919 – conferna relativita’ generale: Sir
Arthur Eddington (foto durante eclissi...)
Credit: Adam Apollo
Hawking radiation (quantum
effect)
Lanciarsi in un buco nero?
7 big questions in modern physics:
– what happened to antimatter?
– black holes – what happens inside?
– what are the dark matter and dark energy?
– Schroedinger cat aradox – which is the solution?
– the neutron stars structure – is there place for
strangeness inside?
– is there one or are they more Universes?
– do aliens exist?
F.Riggi, Microcosmo e macrocosmo, Vacanze studio Gennaio 2002
10 000 a. l.
1 miliardo a. l.
“Normal Matter”
4%
Dark Energy
73%
Dark Matter
23%
Relativita’ generale
La materia dice allo spazio come
curvarsi, lo spazio dice alla materia
come muoversi.
7 big questions in modern physics:
– what happened to antimatter?
– black holes – what happens inside?
– what are the dark matter and dark energy?
– Schroedinger cat aradox – which is the solution?
– the neutron stars structure – is there place for
strangeness inside?
– is there one or are they more Universes?
– do aliens exist?
F.Riggi, Microcosmo e macrocosmo, Vacanze studio Gennaio 2002
The Standard Model
The Standard Model
Neutron stars
EXERCISE:
How much is the weight of a milk-shake made of collapsed matter?
Pesa 100 Miliardi
di Tonnellate !!!
Le pulsar sono oggetti con queste densità con 20 km di raggio
che possono
compiere decine e centinaia di giri al secondo su loro stesse
Anche la velocità è un parametro da cui dipende l’emissione
DAΦNE, since 1998
SIDDHARTA
SIlicon Drift Detector for Hadronic Atom Research by Timing Applications
Formazione di un atomo esotico
(atomo kaonico)
e-
n ~ sqrt(M*/me) n’ ~ 25 (for K-p)
(M* : K-p reduced mass)
Auger
Electron
highly-excited state
K-
1) Initial capture
deexcite
2) Cascade
K3) Strong interaction
K-
X-ray
Nucleus
4) Absorption
Width
stopped
inand
a>target
medium
e.g.
The strong
int.Shift
width
Radiative
trans. width
1s for K-p, K-d
of last orbit
•
•
2p for K-He
1
2
cm
x 144 SDDs
SIDDHARTA overview
Target
510 MeV/c
y
x
z
127 MeV/c
Δp/p=0.1%
510 MeV/c
54
)
Hydrogen
spectrum
EM value
K-p Kα
Kaonic hydrogen
Kα
Kβ
higher
KC54
KC65
Ti Kα
KO65
Ti Kβ
KO76
KC75
KN65
Cu
Deuterium
spectrum
simultaneous
fit
Background estimation
KAl87
7 big questions in modern physics:
– what happened to antimatter?
– black holes – what happens inside?
– what are the dark matter and dark energy?
– Schroedinger cat aradox – which is the solution?
– the neutron stars structure – is there place for
strangeness inside?
– how many Universes do exist?
– do aliens exist?
F.Riggi, Microcosmo e macrocosmo, Vacanze studio Gennaio 2002
More Universes with different physics
Level II Multiverse Theory
• An expansion of the Level I theory
• Called “Chaotic Eternal Inflation”
• States that there is an infinite number of Level
I multiverses with their own physical
constants, meaning an infinite number of
universes, each containing an infinite number
of “universes” similar to ours (Hubble
Volumes).
• These universes have different physical
constants, dimensions, and particles.
Many-world from QM
Il gatto di Schrodinger
Il gatto di Schrodinger
MQ: Il gatto e’ 50% vivo e 50% morto!
Il gatto di Schrodinger
Tutta una serie di interpretazioni
della meccanica quantistica:
-De Broglie – Bohm
- Many-World Interpretations
-Collasso della funzione d’onda
-.....
7 big questions in modern physics:
– what happened to antimatter?
– black holes – what happens inside?
– what are the dark matter and dark energy?
– Schroedinger cat aradox – which is the solution?
– the neutron stars structure – is there place for
strangeness inside?
– how many Universes do exist?
– do aliens exist?
F.Riggi, Microcosmo e macrocosmo, Vacanze studio Gennaio 2002
Fermi paradox
Where are they if they exist, why are they not
here?
They are here
-UFO
Pioneer 10 (17-10-70) e 11
C.
Sagan &
F. Drake
What about the inforrmation?
Hawking & Preskill (the bet)
Holographic principle
The black holes war
Maldacena
Dual theories
Maldacena
Black hole war
Hawking lost the bet
We need
quantum gravity!
Scorciatoie spazio-temporali