Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives

European Science Foundation
Standing Committee for the Humanities (SCH)
ESF SCH EXPLORATORY WORKSHOP
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near
Eastern Archives
Soprintendenza Archivistica per la Campania
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
Convened by:
Massimo Perna
Istituto Universitario Suor Orsola Benincasa, Napoli
With additional support from
the Institute of Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP)
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ESF Exploratory Workshops:
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Valerie Allspach-Kiechel
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+33 (0)3 88 76 71 36
Email: [email protected]
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Email:
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http://www.esf.org/sch
http://www.esf.org/workshops
ESF SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
Convenor:
Massimo Perna
Istituto Universitario Suor Orsola Benincasa
Centro Studi per il Mediterraneo Preclassico
Via Suor Orsola n 10
80135 Napoli
Italy
[email protected]
Tel: +39 081 66 06 59
Fax: +39 081 761 10 28
Main Objectives of the Workshop:
There are many European cultures which underwent a degree of development in the Bronze
Age.
But the only European civilization that has left us written testimony in addition to the
remains of its settlements is the Mycenaean, which flourished in Greece between 1650 and
1200 BC. This is the first European civilisation with a complex state organisation. The
Mycenaean palaces are, in fact, not only royal residences but also structures which show
departmental organisation. In particular, the administration of the finances, and of the
entrances and exits of the palaces was managed in specific contexts by a certain number of
accountants.
These individuals registered the accounts of the palaces on clay tablets and to some extent
also registered details of some sectors of the region’s economy. These documents were
drawn up in a script defined by Sir Arthur Evans as Linear B, and they have come down to
us thanks to the fires which destroyed the Mycenaean palaces, baking the clay of these
documents.
Deciphered in 1952 by the Englishman Michael Ventris, this script is based on a Greek
dialect; the Mycenaeans are, in fact, an Indo-European people, and constitute the ancestors
of the Greeks of the first millennium.
Study of Linear B documents in the last fifty years has provided us with a picture of
Mycenaean society, economy, and administration.
However, there are many questions on the subject of the fiscal organisation of Mycenaean
society to which we still have to provide answers.
Many articles have been published on different aspects of this important sector of the
economy, which, nevertheless, has never been the topic either of a monograph or a
round table. Consequently, it would be extremely interesting to be able to engage in further
research and stimulate debate on this topic.
But if these documents in our possession do not allow us to give an exhaustive account of
Mycenaean fiscal organisation, it is also true that many administrative mechanisms present
interesting points of contact with some procedures shown in the archives of
contemporaneous Near Eastern societies.
Unfortunately for other European cultures, the lack of written testimony prevents us from
gaining a profound knowledge of the societies which have left us clues concerning their
material culture. Therefore, on the basis of the economic organisation which we know for
Mycenaean society, we could propose hypotheses relative to other Bronze Age IndoEuropean cultures.
ESF SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
For all these reasons, in our opinion it would therefore be opportune to organise an
exploratory workshop which placed round the same table the major European Bronze Age
and Ancient Near Eastern specialists (as well as some promising European researchers)
involving in an interdisciplinary way specialists in different areas such as historians,
archaeologists, economists and philologists.
Finally, it should be emphasised that the totality of the rules which regulated the taxes and
laws of ancient societies represent the foundations of present legal systems; consequently,
success in recovering rules and details of the fiscal organisation of this ancient European
civilisation and of Ancient Near Eastern civilisations is an aim which could be of interest
also to students of modern law and fiscality. Finally, we believe that another important
objective of this exploratory workshop is that all the papers presented will be collected in a
volume which will provide a multidisciplinary overview of the fiscal organisation in
Bronze Age Europe and the Near East..
ESF SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME
Wednesday 20 October 2004
Evening
Arrival
Thursday 21 October 2004
08.30
Registration of participants
09.00
Welcome and opening remarks, M. R. DE DIVITIIS, M. PERNA
09.15
Presentation of the European Science Foundation (ESF)
Miltiades HATZOPOULOS (Standing Committee for the Humanities)
A. Fiscal Organisation of a State and Fiscal
Vocabulary
09.30
Jean-Pierre OLIVIER (Fond national belge de la recherche
scientifique).
De «l'empire» mycénien et de sa nécessaire fiscalité.
10.00
Massimo PERNA (Instituto Universitario Suor Orsola Benincasa.
Napoli).
Réflexions sur les séries Ma et Na de Pylos
10.30
Francis JOANNÈS (Université de Paris X - Nanterre, France).
Le système de taxation en Babylonie achémenide.
11.00
Coffee-break
11.15
Carlos VARIAS GARCIA (Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona,
Spain).
Significant Presences and Absences in the Mycenaean Fiscal
Vocabulary from Mainland Greece.
11.45
Margherita JASINK (Università di Firenze, Italy).
Mycenaean Fiscal Vocabulary: Oral or Written Tradition
12.15
Pierre CARLIER (Université de Paris X - Nanterre, France).
Réflexions sur la bureaucratie mycénienne.
12.45-13.15
Discussion
13.15
Lunch Time
B. Fiscal Organisation of the First European
Cultures
15.00
Artemis KARNAVA (Ephorate of Cyclades, Greece).
Indications of Minoan Fiscality.
ESF SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
15.30
Valter LANG (University of Tartu, Estonia).
The Problem of Land Taxation in North-European Bronze Age: an
Example from Estonia.
16.00
Coffee-break
C. Taxation and Landownership
16.15
Cristina SIMONETTI (Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Italy).
Terre e tassazione nel periodo paleobabilonese.
16.45
Julien ZURBACH (Université de Paris X - Nanterre, France).
L'impôt pesant sur la terre dans le royaume de Pylos.
17.15-18.00
Discussion
20.00
Dinner at "Trattoria dell'Oca", via S. Teresa a Chiaia n° 11
Friday 22 October 2004
D. Taxation and Corvée
09.00
Cynthia W. SHELMERDINE (University of Austin, USA).
Differential Compensation and the Status of Mycenaean Workers
09.30
John KILLEN (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom).
Conscription and Corvée in the Mycenaean Archives.
10.00
Francesco POMPONIO (Università di Messina, Italy).
Fiscalità e tributi nel periodo neo-sumerico (21° secolo a. C.).
10.30
Coffee-break
10.45
Marie-Louise B. NOSCH (University of Copenhagen, Denmark).
Ta-ra-si-ja in the Mycenaean Economy and its Near Eastern
Analogies.
11.15
Clelia MORA (Università di Pavia, Italy).
Riscossione dei tributi e accumulo dei beni nell'Impero ittita
11.45
Paola NEGRI- SCAFA (ENEA, Roma, Italy).
Modelli e forme di fiscalità nel Vicino Oriente Antico del II millennio
a.C..
12.15-13.00
Discussion
13.00
Lunch time
E. Fiscality and Religion
15.00
Massimiliano MARAZZI (Istituto Universitario Suor Orsola
Benincasa, Napoli, Italy).
Il cosiddetto "regime delle offerte cultuali": mondo ittita e miceneo
a confronto.
ESF SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
15.30
Susan LUPACK (New York, USA).
Deities and Religious Personnel as Collectors.
16.00
Coffee-break
16.15
Lisa M. BENDALL (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom).
Fiscality and Mycenaean Religion.
16.45
Rupert THOMPSON (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom).
Some thoughts on the mo-ro-qa.
17.15-17.45
Discussion
17.45
Visit of Naples' Ancient Underground
20.00
Dinner at "Trattoria dell'Oca" via S. Teresa a Chiaia n° 11
Saturday 23 October 2004
F. Economy and Fiscality
09.30
Alfonso ARCHI (Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Italy).
In Search of Fiscal Obligations in the Documents of Ebla (24th
century B.C.).
10.00
Diederik, J.W. MEIJER (University of Leiden, Netherlands).
Polanyi, Markets and Ancient Mesopotamia.
10.30
Enrico SCAFA (ICEVO, Roma, Italy).
L'economia palaziale fra accumulazione e bancarotta.
11.00
Coffee-break
11.30
David WARBURTON (University of Aarhus C, Denmark).
The Egyptian Example and the Macroeconomic Implications.
12.00-13.00
Final Discussion
End of workshop
ESF SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
European Science Foundation
Objectives of the ESF Standing Committee for the
Humanities (SCH)
The main tasks of the ESF Standing Committee for the Humanities (SCH) are:
¾
to encourage interdisciplinary work through the independent evaluation of
collaborative research proposals emanating from the scholarly community;
¾
to identify priority research areas and to play an integrative and co-ordinating
role by creating links between research communities which in the Humanities
are often small and fragmented.
¾
to contribute to the development of the ESF science policy agenda and to
provide expert advice on science policy actions at the European level in the
field of its responsibilities.
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Humanities have a place next to the other sciences and where European projects are
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the Humanities in the European landscape.
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submission to the EU 6th Framework Programme or to other European or international
funding organisations.
In the case of ESF Programmes (“à la carte” or EUROCORES), which are financed by,
and coordinated through, the European Science Foundation, a draft proposal should be
submitted to the SCH Secretariat for advice, to then subsequently undergo further
external refereeing. If successful in obtaining SCH's scientific recommendation, the
proposal will be submitted to ESF Member Organisations for funding on a voluntary
basis. More details are available at http://www.esf.org/sch .
ESF/SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
Provisional List of Participants
Convenor:
1. Massimo PERNA
Centro Studi Mediterraneo Preclassico
Istituto Universitario Suor Orsola Benincasa
via Suor Orsola n 10
80135 Napoli
Italy
Tel: +39 081 66 06 59
Fax: +39 081 761 10 28
Email: [email protected]
6. Pierre CARLIER
Département d'Histoire Ancienne
Université Paris X
MAE, Nanterre
32 Allée du Lac Superieur
78110 Le Vésinet cedex
France
Tel: +33 1 30 53 26 63
Email: [email protected]
ESF Representative:
7. Pia DE FIDIO *
via Manzoni, 216
80123 Napoli
Italy
2. Miltiades HATZOPOULOS
National Hellenic Research Foundation
Research Centre for Greek and Roman
Antiquity
Institute of Greek and Roman Antiquities
48 Vassileas Constantinou Avenue
11635 Athens
Greece
Tel: +30 210 72 73 700
Fax: +30 210 72 46 618
Email: [email protected]
Participants:
3. Alfonso ARCHI
Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità
Università di Roma "La Sapienza"
Via Montevideo 2/A
00198 Rome
Italy
Tel: +39 06 8417424
Fax: +39 06 85 83 026
Email: [email protected]
4. Marie-Louise BECH NOSCH
Department of History
University of Copenhagen
Njalsgade 102
2300 Copenhagen S
Denmark
Tel: +45 35329413
Email: [email protected]
5. Lisa M. BENDALL
Institute of Archaeology
University of Oxford
36 Beaumont Street
Oxford OX1 2PG
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1865 278240
Email: [email protected]
8. Hedvig ENEGREN *
rue van Eyck 32
1000 Bruxelles
Belgium
Email: [email protected]
9. Enrica FIANDRA *
via Remondato
14014 Montafia Bagnasco (AT)
Italy
Email: [email protected]
10. Richard J. FIRTH *
Department of Archaeology
University of Brisol
43 Woodland Road
Clifton
Bristol BS8 1UU
United Kingdom
Email: [email protected]
11. Adele FRANCESCHETTI *
Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia
Universita di Napoli
via Porta di Massa 1
80000 Napoli
Italy
Email: [email protected]
12. Carole GILLIS *
Dep. of Archaeology and Ancient History
Lund University
Sandgatan 1
223 50 Lund
Sweden
Email: [email protected]
ESF Exploratory Workshops Unit ▪ Administrator: Valerie Allspach-Kiechel
European Science Foundation ▪ 1 quai Lezay Marnésia ▪ BO90015 ▪ FR-67080 Strasbourg Cedex
Tel: +33 (0)3 88 76 71 36 ▪ Fax: +33 (0)3 88 37 05 32 ▪ Email: [email protected] ▪ http://www.esf.org/workshops
ESF/SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
13. Simonetta GRAZIANI *
Instituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli
Piazza S. Domenico Maggiore 12
Naples
Italy
Email: [email protected]
14. Alessandro GRECO *
via Induno 13
35134 Padova
Italy
Email: [email protected]
15. Linda HULIN *
Department of Archaeology
University of Reading
Whiteknights
Box 227
Reading RD 6 4B
United Kingdom
Email: [email protected]
16. Margherita JASINK
Università di Firenze
Via S. Zanobi 116
50121 Firenze
Italy
Tel: +39 055-470693
Email: [email protected]
17. Francis JOANNÈS
Université de Paris X - Nanterre
39, rue Scheffer
75016 Paris
France
Tel: +33 1 45 53 58 89
Fax: +33 1 46 69 26 35
Email: [email protected]
18. Artemis KARNAVA
Ephorate of Cyclades
Vlahava Str.
38222 Volos
Greece
Email: [email protected]
19. John T. KILLEN
Department of Classics
Jesus College
Cambridge University
Cambridge CB5 8BL
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1223 335073
Fax: +44 1223 339300
20. Valter LANG
Chair of Archaeology
Tartu University
Ülikooli 18
50090 Tartu
Estonia
Tel: +37 25291843
Fax: +37 27375345
Email: [email protected]
21. Susan LUPACK
14 Schermerhorn St
New York
Brooklyn NY 11201
United States
Tel: (718)522-2279
Email: [email protected]
22. Massimiliano MARAZZI
Centro di Ricerca Mediterraneo Preclassico
Istituto Universitario Suor Orsola Benincasa
Via F. Crispi 72
80121 Napoli
Italy
Tel: +39 081 25 22 213
Fax: +39 081 25 22 213
Email: [email protected]
23. Giuseppe MARIOTTA *
via Lambruschini 18
50134 Firenze
Italy
Email: [email protected]
24. Diederik J.W. MEIJER
Faculty of Archaeology
University of Leiden
POB 9515
2300 RA Leiden
Netherlands
Tel: +31 71 5272444
Fax: +31 71 5272429
Email: [email protected]
25. Celestina MILANI *
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano
Largo Gemelli 1
20123 Milano
Italy
Email: [email protected]
26. Clelia MORA
Università di Pavia
Via A. Da Fossano 29
27100 Pavia
Italy
Tel: +39 0382 504318
Fax: +39 0832 526509
Email: [email protected]
ESF Exploratory Workshops Unit ▪ Administrator: Valerie Allspach-Kiechel
European Science Foundation ▪ 1 quai Lezay Marnésia ▪ BO90015 ▪ FR-67080 Strasbourg Cedex
Tel: +33 (0)3 88 76 71 36 ▪ Fax: +33 (0)3 88 37 05 32 ▪ Email: [email protected] ▪ http://www.esf.org/workshops
ESF/SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
27. Anna MORPURGO *
Somerville College
University of Oxford
Oxford 0X2 6HD
United Kingdom
Email: [email protected]
28. Paola NEGRI-SCAFA
ENEA MAT-QUAL
via Anguillarese 301
00060 S. Maria di Galeria-Roma
Italy
Tel: +39 06 30486375
Fax: +39 06 30486302
Email: [email protected]
29. Jean-Pierre OLIVIER
Fond national belge de la recherche scientifique
38 Square Coghen
1180 Bruxelles
Belgium
Tel: +32 2 3448824
Fax: +32 2 3448824
Email: [email protected]
30. Francesco POMPONIO
Università di Messina
Via Sartorio 60
00147 Roma
Italy
Tel: +39 06 5127511
Email: [email protected]
31. Françoise ROUGEMONT *
CNRS
49 avenue Gambetta
75020 Paris
France
Tel: +33 1 4358 8457
Email: [email protected]
32. Anna SACCONI *
Dipartimento. di Filologia Greca e Latina
Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza"
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5
00185 Roma
Italy
Email: [email protected]
33. Enrico SCAFA
ICEVO
via Giano della Bella, 18
00162 Roma
Italy
Tel: +39 06 44161334
Fax: +39 06 44237724
Email: [email protected]
34. Cynthia W. SHELMERDINE
Dept of Classics
University of Texas
Waggener Hall 123
Austin TX78712-1181
United States
Tel: (512) 471-3892
Fax: (512) 471-4111
Email: [email protected]
35. Domenico SILVESTRI *
Istituto Universitario Orientale
Piazza S. Domenico Maggiore 12
80134 Napoli
Italy
Email: [email protected]
36. Cristina SIMONETTI
Università di Roma "La Sapienza"
Via Cavour 147
00184 Roma
Italy
Tel: +39 06 48903542
Fax: +39 06 48903542
Email: [email protected]
37. Rupert THOMPSON
Selwyn College
University of Cambridge
Cambridge CB3 9DQ
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1223 335649
Fax: +44 1223 335837
Email: [email protected]
38. Lucia VAGNETTI *
CNR
Istituto di Studi sulle Civilità dell'Egeo e del
Vicino Oriente
Via Giano della Bella 18
00162 Roma
Italy
Email: [email protected]
39. Carlos VARIAS GARCIA
Dept. Ciènces de l'Antiquitat i de l'Edat Mitjana
Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona
Edifici B
08193 Bellaterra-Barcellona
Spain
Tel: +34 935813226
Fax: +34 935813114
Email: [email protected]
40. David WARBURTON
Dept. of the Study of Religion
University of Aarhus
8000 Aarhus
Denmark
Tel: +45 89422318
Fax: +45 86130490
Email: [email protected]
ESF Exploratory Workshops Unit ▪ Administrator: Valerie Allspach-Kiechel
European Science Foundation ▪ 1 quai Lezay Marnésia ▪ BO90015 ▪ FR-67080 Strasbourg Cedex
Tel: +33 (0)3 88 76 71 36 ▪ Fax: +33 (0)3 88 37 05 32 ▪ Email: [email protected] ▪ http://www.esf.org/workshops
ESF/SCH Exploratory Workshop:
Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives
Naples, Italy, 20-23 October 2004
41. Judith WEINGARTEN *
Via S. Croce 13
53030 Belforte (Siena)
Italy
Email: [email protected]
42. Carlo ZACCAGNINI *
Istituto Universitario Orientale
Piazza S. Domenico Maggiore 12
80134 Napoli
Italy
43. Julien ZURBACH
Université de Paris X - Nanterre
16 rue de Chaumont
75019 Paris
France
Email: [email protected]
* Participants
vak – 30/09/2004
ESF Exploratory Workshops Unit ▪ Administrator: Valerie Allspach-Kiechel
European Science Foundation ▪ 1 quai Lezay Marnésia ▪ BO90015 ▪ FR-67080 Strasbourg Cedex
Tel: +33 (0)3 88 76 71 36 ▪ Fax: +33 (0)3 88 37 05 32 ▪ Email: [email protected] ▪ http://www.esf.org/workshops